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Friday, August 31, 2018

ELECTROMAGNETIC DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONS

ELECTROMAGNETIC DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONS 




ELECTROMAGNETIC DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONS FOR ELIMINATING ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS



ELECTROMAGNETIC DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONS FOR ELIMINATING ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS



https://ediovision.blogspot.com/2018/08/electromagnetic-directed-energy-weapons.html

ELECTROMAGNETIC DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONS FOR ELIMINATING ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

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ELECTROMAGNETIC DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONS ...
111
ELECTROMAGNETIC DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONS
FOR ELIMINATING ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS
Capt. Dipl. Eng. Jan VALOUCH
Annotation:
The article presents information on the current situation in the development and application of electromagnetic weapons and indicates possible trends of their future
employment. Under the term electromagnetic weapons we understand means and systems that use technology generating directed power electromagnetic pulses degrading the activities or destructing the electronic circuits of the enemy equipment. This will also
enable to neutralise or completely destroy the operation of information, communication, control, ring and other electronic devices. Electromagnetic weapons are currently in use and greater number of countries realises the perspectives of their future development.
¬¬¬
1. CURRENT SITUATION OF DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF ELECTRO-
MAGNETIC WEAPONS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES
Principle of electromagnetic weapon activities
Typical representative of electromagnetic (EMC) weapons are so called Directed Energy Weapons (DEW) employing the technology of High Power Microwave
(HPM). These weapons represent highly sophisticated technology of 21st century. Their
destructive effect results from the electromagnetic eld and they threaten the operation
of all devices equipped with electronic circuits, especially by the effect of arcing, over-
load or by discharge of single electronic component parts. These weapons have strong
physical and psychological impact.
In general, DEW consists of impulse source of energy, source of microwave radiation and antenna. The impulse source transforms accumulated energy to high power
electric pulse with the length of duration in units of nanoseconds. Accumulated energy
can be in kilo-Joule with the power of gigawatt. In the source of microwave radiation
Valouch.indd 29.9.2003, 8:09111

112
this impulse then acts upon diode and generates a beam of electrons with energy –
approx, 400 kV, 10—60 kA. This energy is dissipated by the directional antenna. Electromagnetic weapons can fundamentally differ in terms of its design and
application e.g. according to the used frequency band. EMC wide band weapons emit in wide frequency range but with low density of energy. These equipment's are suitable
where it is not possible to exactly identify the characteristics of the target – especially its
working frequencies. Contrary to the narrow-band EMC weapons emit pulses on individual frequencies with enormously high power. Their action upon the target is very effective since impulse resonate with the known frequency of the attacked device.
Development and application of electromagnetic weapons
Concerning a development and application of electromagnetic weapons we can
say that after the EMC weapons emerged from “the unknown” world of classified projects, now they are tuned and EMC weapon capability is enhanced. And they are gradually mounted on suitable carriers – vehicles, aircraft, ships, bombs, missiles and even
space ships. The interest is focused not only on single pieces of equipment but also on
complete systems incl. sensors and equipment to control the combat functions.
Within the armed forces the employment of EMC weapons have the following
advantages:
Ø very rapid effect against the enemy targets,
Ø usage irrespective of the weather conditions,
Ø coverage of a great amount of various targets with minimum need to be informed
about their characteristics,
Ø threat to less available target – under ground,
Ø operational attack (neutralisation, destruction or denial of activities of electronic
assets) at selected levels of warfare,
Ø minimum of collateral destruction in politically sensitive environment and use of
this environment after the end of conflict,
Ø reduction of minimum time for tracking and guidance to target.
USA, Russia, France, China and UK are the countries that achieved the greatest
progress in the development and application of electromagnetic weapons. The interest
of other countries (Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway …) is for a
long time focused on High Power Microwave (HPM) especially on protection against
the effects of HPM. As to my opinion this is the beginning of the path for research in the
Czech Republic.
Currently, discussions are held on their employment in Iraqi by the U.S. armed
forces. They could facilitate quickly eliminate the command and control systems of Iraq
and eliminate communication of their forces without any loss of lives and any collate-
ral damage. There were some intentions to employ these weapons of electromagnetic
warfare by the U.S. force in Kosovo and Afghanistan at least in trial operation. It is
DEFENCE AND STRATEGY
Valouch.indd 29.9.2003, 8:09112-113

also interesting the assumption that Russian forces used DEW prior the action against
terrorists in Moscow theatre in 2002. This weapon was designed to disable the electronic
detonating primers. The fact is that no Chechen managed to initiate her primer.
Misuse of electromagnetic weapons
More frequent are the attacks of terrorists and criminal underworld using the
electromagnetic means. Among the targets of terrorists can be financial institutions, medical facilities, aircraft, automobiles, computer network and other daily used civilian and military equipment. The EMC radiation generators can be for example in the briefcase and that is why it is quite easy to prepare such an attack. First known terrorist application of electromagnetic weapons is from 1995 when Chechen rebels used this
technology against the security system of Russian facility.
Nobody knows about the use of DEW for criminal activities and terrorist attacks
with exception of the offenders themselves and their victims. The German experts even officially recommended application of these means to the German police units since there were recorded several cases of use of DEW by the German underground. With
DEW it is possible to commit perfect crime, as they leave no evidence. No doubt, in
future a wide use of these weapons can be expected which can means an increased risk
of their misuse.
Future of electromagnetic weapons
Future of DEW is often discussed in many articles and literature. A part of study
called Air Force 2025 also deals with the future of DEW employment that was developed by the Air University Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. This study discusses a
possibility to employ these means in the spaceships or satellites in order to destroy the
hostile satellite information and communication channels.
Development of DEW in terms of their employment is mainly connected with
mutual co-operation of the army, air force and navy forces. These will be the components
that are the potential users of DEW. Protection of the aircraft and ships against the effects
of enemy DEW is being solved. Further, e.g. active use of DEW against the air defence
and employment of DEW in the aerospace. Within 3—5 years it is expected that DEW
will be installed into the drones (USA). In respect of technologies for DEW, the research
will be especially focused on increase of input power of DEW, reduction of size and
weight and improvement of antenna systems. A very interesting is also a research of
biological impact of DEW on human being and hazard for the personnel.
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ELECTROMAGNETIC DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONS ...
Valouch.indd 29.9.2003, 8:09112-113


2. CURRENT SITUATION IN THE AREA OF ELECTROMAGNETIC
WEAPONS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
The following part of this article briey discusses NATO RTO – Research and
Technology Organisation (http://www.rta.nato.int), or the activities of selected panels
with representation of the Czech Republic and which deal with the mentioned issue.
The panels dealing with this topic are:
Ø SCI–119 Tactical Implications of High Power Microwaves,
Ø SCI–132 High Power Microwave Threat to Infrastructure and Military Equipment.
Since most of activities of these technical panels is classified as NATO SECRET,
only general character information not subject to classification are provided.
Panel SCI–119 Tactical Implications of High Power Microwaves started its
activities in 1998 and terminated it in this year. The objective of the work of its members
have been mainly solution of issues of use of HPM in the military sector both in terms
of defence as well as of potential active employment in attack. The most important areas
solved:
Ø design of resources generating HPM,
Ø vulnerability of information technology of military infrastructure,
Ø risk of back effect of electromagnetic weapons on friendly troops,
Ø testing of HPM effects on the off-the-shelf equipment equipped with electronic
components (personal computers, cellular phones, vehicles, aircraft …),
Ø content of HPM national programs from the viewpoint of:
– earmarking of specialised workplaces,
– refinement of the content of solution in the given country,
– allocation of funds,
– planning of the number of students studying HPM at the universities,
– gathering of results.
The issue of HPM is solved by NATO systematically since the beginning of 80-ies
of the last century. In the short time, it is assumed that new advanced HPM weapons will
be developed and within NATO this process must be systematically controlled. In this
area – development of electromagnetic weapons – USA, Russian, France and the UK
have the greatest success.
Panel SCI–132 High Power Microwave Threat to Infrastructure and Military
Equipment commenced its activity by the introductory session in October 2002, held
in Munster in Germany. Its orientation is linked to the preceding activity of the Panel
SCI–119. The main activities of the Panel are planned for the period of 2003—2005 and
single members will deal with the following issues:
Ø identifcation of potential threat of HPM on the military and civilian infrastructure
and equipment,
114
DEFENCE AND STRATEGY
Valouch.indd 29.9.2003, 8:09114-115

Ø research of the penetration and dissemination of HPM in specic devices,
Ø research of DEW (Directed Energy Weapons),
Ø possibilities how to protect the military equipment against the effect of weapon
assets on the basis of HPM.
Other areas considered important by the member of the Panel SCI–132 and that
are to be in the area of interest are:
Ø resistance of military equipment against HPM,
Ø implication of HPM in the military eld test and system of their evaluation,
Ø EMC terrorism.
The Panel consists of representatives of the following countries: Canada, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Germany, France, UK, USA, the Netherlands, Norway and Italy.
CONCLUSION
Currently, the use of electromagnetic weapons plays the more important role.
Though, the wider employment of these weapons is expected within 5—10 years, there
already exist and are used the devices/equipment capable to reliably effect on the enemy
electronic assets (control, information, communication…) and deny the enemy any further operations. The issue of electromagnetic weapons in the Czech Republic is in the
stage of research and that is why the representation and involvement of the Czech representatives in the special Panels of NATO RTO or any other international organizations
and boards is desirable.
REFERENCES
[1] MUNZERT, Reinhard: Targeting the Human with Directed Energy Weapons, 2002, Erlangen, Germany
[2] MERKLE, Laurence D.: Virtual Prototyping of RF Weapons, 2002, The Air Force Research Laboratory,
Kirtland.
[3] COOP, Carlo: The Electro-magnetic Bomb: A Weapon of Electronic Mass Destruction, 2000, Melbourne
Australia.
[4] VALOUCH, Jan: Activities of VTÚ PV Vyškov in the area of EMC and DEW, presentation of NATO
RTO / SCI–132, 2002, Munster, Germany.
Selection of unclassied documents from the session of Panel NATO RTO/SCI:
[5] SCI–119 Workshop Tactical Implications of High Power Microwaves, Copenhagen, Denmark,
11—13.6.2002.
[6] Open Meeting of NATO RTO/SCI–132 on High Power Microwave to Infrastructure and Military
Equipment, Munster, Germany, 22—24.10.2002.
115
ELECTROMAGNETIC DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONS
(PDF) ELECTROMAGNETIC DIRECTED ENERGY WEAPONS FOR ELIMINATING ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242532678_ELECTROMAGNETIC_DIRECTED_ENERGY_WEAPONS_FOR_ELIMINATING_ELECTRONIC_SYSTEMS [accessed Sep 01 2018].

hutchison effect transparent metal sample slower test



play on YouTube slowest setting .25 it seems to be going through a transition of four separate states, which would imply its a quantum issue not a frequency issue that's creating that particular effect, its by far the weirdest and most puzzling thing I've seen all day, but i like it lol :) #peace

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Deflated object changing direction, IR footage 08/22/18 4:28pm EST.

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msm and the sheeple its like they are all mentally controlled or under some occult spell, and they just refuse to see that moslty they truly are doing the works of evil without even thinking about it, commandment #5 tho shalt not kill Nuff said simple A.F, if you killed a person willingly and knowingly you are a murderer there's no doubt about it,  and until they realise this fact they wont ever try to change, i mean how can they seek forgiveness and try to be a better human being, if they don't acknowledge that what they are doing is inherently wrong,  :) #peaceistheonlypathtoenlightenment

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Giant Floating Pipes Help To Remove Ocean Waste





yeah real smart tech not!, if they were really serious about cleaning up the oceans there are much more effective and less costly ways, without the huge pile of pollutants that it took to make it (the giant floating sausage), and the cost of powering it and the satellites and other infrastructure needed to make this work, why don't they drill millions of holes in a huge pipe network and just sink them and them pump ozone infused nano bubbles out through them and out into the ocean ffs obviously you wouldn't have to spend all that money if it was just made from plastic pipelines sunk to the sea beds, and it wouldn't require all that satellite tech and other useless stuff, they could even use waste water in the process and it would still work restoring the oceans to a oxygen rich environment which will help the marine ecology to rebuild depopulated areas and have the effect of regenerating the oceans, which in turn with the help of the water cycle will rain back down and help crops to grow and clean up a lot of nasty stuff, i mean come on who the fuck thinks of these stupid things?, and who funds it??? if your going to do it, do it right and stop making it about profits, tell you what give me that 30 million ill have the oceans sorted in a couple of years and ill do it for free, if you can turn the bay of Tokyo into a rich clean oxygen filled habitat within 6-12 months after it being barren and void of life and tbf quite disgusting, from one tiny system of nano bubbles and the waste water out puts from 2 small processing plants as waste products, then i'm pretty sure with that much money behind it restoring the oceans is easily achievable, #fundmefundrealanswers

4 EXTREMELY Strange But True UFO Encounters

Ponte Morandi - Analisi di un delitto





The homogeneous reinforced concrete bridge



"It has been agreed to call a cable-stayed bridge a system that is resistant to straight girder constrained on supports, partly conceptually rigid (shoulders and stacks) and partly to behaviour noticeably different from the previous ones, IE- characterised by the value of their elastic constant comparably much less , because they consist of the ends of oblique stays (the stays) passing through the upper ends of vertical antennas placed in correspondence with the supports mentioned above. "



Detail of the connection of the stays of the Morandi bridge



This is the definition given by Riccardo Morandi to this type of bridges, which are not only pleasing on the aesthetic side, but, compared to the suspension bridge, are more convenient in the light field between 200 m and 1100 m, especially if it is planned railway transit. In fact, the cable-stayed bridge with respect to the suspension bridge is less deform-able, and more easily constructed and involves a decidedly lower amount of steel (for cables).



In fact, Morandi wrote: "such a resistant system offers a series of interesting features that make it suitable for the construction of large bridges of reinforced concrete, essentially due to the fact that the component of the reaction of oblique rods, passing through the central bari surface horizontal of the girder, balanced for each load arrangement symmetrical with respect to the transverse plane passing through the axis of the general pile, determines a compression stress (variable when varying the random loads on the girder itself) which produces a strong reduction of the tensile stresses of it, with a consequent saving of metal armour".



Why HOMOGENOUS STRUCTURES



Morandi then continues with some calculations on the topics of loads and actions, and on the idea of ​​protecting steel cables with pre-stressed concrete sheaths. And in this sense he explains why he used the term HOMOGENIZED: "the conceptual elimination of cracks in the concrete of the sheaths ensures an effective protection of steel from atmospheric agents. The tie rods, therefore, at least in the operating conditions, behave like long and thin concrete beams, pre-compressed and stressed essentially to decompression when the loads pass, therefore the system, with all its members, will have a comparable behaviour and can be considered homogeneous. This is the reason why it was considered to define such HOMOGENIZED STRUCTIVE BRIDGES.

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"Sun Simulator" (small prototype ?)


replacement cell for one of the solar simulators faulty ones ;)

Solar simulator


Solar simulator



lassifications
F21V13/04 Combinations of only two kinds of elements the elements being reflectors and refractors
View 3 more classifications
US3247367A
US Grant

 Download PDF  Find Prior Art  Similar
Inventor Rayces Juan Luis Original Assignee Perkin Ehner Corp Priority date 1960-10-31
Family: US (1)
Date
App/Pub Number
Status
1960-10-31
US3247367A
Expired - Lifetime
1966-04-19
US3247367A
Grant
Info Patent citations (21) Cited by (15) Similar documents Priority and Related Applications External links USPTOUSPTO AssignmentEspacenetGlobal DossierDiscuss
Description
April 19, 1966 .1. RAYcEs SOLAR SIMULATOR 3 Sheets-Sheet l Filed OCb. 31, 1960 INVENTOR. Jaan Hayfes April 19, 1966 J. RAYcEs SOLAR SIMULATOR 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Oct. 3l. 1960 m. m m m Jaa/z Z. agees' April 19, 1966 .1. L.. RAYCES 3,247,367

SOLAR sIMULAToR Filed Oct. 31, 1960 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENToR. fad/z Z. Hz'yces' United States Patent Office 3,247,367 Patented Apr'. 19, 1966 3,247,367 SOLAR SIMULATQR Juan Luis Rayces, Westport, Conn., assignor to The Perkin-Elmer Corporation, Norwalk, Conn., a corporation of New York Filed Oct. 31, 1960, Ser. No. 66,102 9 Claims. (Cl. 2MP-41.3)

This invention relates to a large artificial illumination system intended to be used as an artificial sun in the testing of space vehicles and similar equipment. More specifically, the invention comprises a more or less planar array of a large number of modular units, each unit having a light source and a collimating system and being of such luminous power and quantity that the total array of these modular unit-s has the approximate intensity of the sun.

Ever since man has first attempted to penetrate outer space, a device has been needed for testing space vehicles as to solar radiation effects Without subjecting them to the risk of loss normally attendant upon their being fired into and through the upper regions of the atmosphere. The technological problem of constructing a solar simulator, able to approximate the great intensity of sun radiation that a space vehicle would actually encounter on such a flight, particularly at the higher altitudes of the atmosphere and beyond, is extremely dilhcult. Nevertheless, as space technology has developed, the need for such a solar simulator has become so great that such an instrument -must be considered practical even though its cost should be quite high.

In order to approximate the actual effect of the sun upon a space vehicle, a solar simulator must conform to the specifications of sunlight reaching such a vehicle in outer space in a number of ways. Thus, the spectral make-up of the radiation emanating from the solar simulator must be substantially tne same as that of sunlight before it has been filtered through any appreciable amount of atmospheric air. Further, since the suns rays reaching the vicinity of the earth are substantially parallel, the solar simulator -must also emit almost parallel rays. The intensity of the emitted radiation must also be substantially the same as that of sunlight over a large crosssectional area and over a range of distances from the solar simulator in order to be capable of evenly illuminating a space vehicle of reasonably large size over its entire exposed surface both in frontal plane and in depth.

Therefore, the solar simulator must approximate the sunlight reaching the area adjacent the outer reaches of the earths atmospheric air envelope in all of the following ways: (1) spectral make-up; (2) substantial parallelism of the light rays; (3) intensity of radiant energy content; and (4) uniformity of intensity over a volume sufficiently large to include the entire space vehicle. Meeting all of these specifications at the same time is extremely difficult. For example, in order to approximate the spectrum of the sun over the more important parts thereof, the solar simulator of the present invention has been so constructed as to require little filtering to attain the same spectral curve as the sun from 0.2 to l microns in wavelength. Further, since the sun is an extremely brilliant body (the brightness being about l.65 105 candlepower per square centimeter), the solar simulator must necessarily have an extremely powerful light source or sources in order to be able to illuminate a reasonably large area (approximately 20 by 20 feet) with substantially the same illumination as that produced by the sun in outer space.

It can be shown that in order for the illumination emanating from the solar simulator to be uniform over such a large area and for an axial depth of, say, 20 feet, the optical system used for projecting the rays from the light source ritself onto this area mu-st not only collimate the light (i.e., make the light rays parallel) but must also satisfy what is known as the sine condition. Further, in order to approximate the illumination intensity of the sun ovei such a large volume, not only must the light source be extremely bright itself, but the optical system used therewith must be quite fast Since the relative speed of an optical system depends upon both the focal length and the aperture of the system, both these quantities must be considered when determining the parameters of the optical system; and the choice thereof will in part determine the nature of the lamp source strength required. On the other hand, since there are commercially available only a limited number of powerful light sources providing the type of spectral distribution and intensity desired, the entire system must be designed with the goal of adapting the optical system to the lamp, as well as Vice versa. Thus, since the aperture ratio (the ratio of focal length to clear aperture) of the optical system determines the relative speed of the optical system and since the intensity required is extremely large, all practical means for making the optical system aperture ratio quite small (so that the optical system is fast) must be utilized. Similarly, a light source of great brilliance must be utilized so that the required optical system aperture ratio (F-number) remains obtainable.

Since no commercially available single light source can approximate the brightness of the sun over a sufficiently large area to illuminate a 20 by 20 by 20 foot cube as required, the invention uses plural light sources and a composite or modular optical system; that is, an array of light sources each having its own optical system. Therefore, the present invention utilizes a large number (say 200 or so) of comparatively small, powerful gaseous or carbon arc lamps, each having a complete optical system associated therewith.

An object of the invention is, therefore, the provision of an artificial light projector for producing substantially the same spectral make-up, parallelism of light rays, and intensity and uniformity of illumination as that of solar radiation in the vicinity of the earth, which projector is capable of evenly illuminating a 20 by 20 by 20 foot cube.

A further object of the invention is the provision of such an artificial sun as above described which is practical to manufacture.

Another object is the provision of such a solar simulator composed of modular units, thereby Vreducing the weight of the entire system and also allowing repetitive manufacturing techniques to be applied thereto.

Another object of the invention is the provision of such a solar simulator which is corrected for the secondary, but, nevertheless, substantial errors in uniformity of illumination which would be caused by chromatic and spherical aberrations and nonconformity to the sine condition.

Further objects and features of the invention will be obvious to one skilled in the art upon perusing the following specication and upon studying the accompanying drawings forming a part thereof, in which:

FIG. l shows the effect of chromatic aberration on the evenness of spectral composition of the area illuminated;

FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the `optical system used with each light source module, showing the relationship of the lfour optical subassemblies of which it is composed;

FIG. 3 is a schematic plan view of the single light source and multiple optical system shown in FIG. 2; and

FIG. 4 is an elevational schematic View of part of the entire solar simulator, showing the arrangement of the various light sources and the final optical elements of the system associated therewith.

Before describing the structure of a preferred embodiment of the inventive solar simulator, certain advantageous characteristics of the invention will be explained by reference to the various figures in the drawing.

In understanding why a large array of modular units is employed in the invention, it should be borne inmind that .the area` of a collimated light beam emanating from .an optical system can be no llarger than the clear aperture of the last element thereof. Since enlarging the clear aperture of the lens without changing its focal length increases the thickness along the optical axis in direct proportion to the diameter thereof, it can be seen that the increase of optical material needed for `a'lens of a diameter twice that-of another lens -is actually eight times. That is, if the clear aperture of 'a small lens is equal to C and the thickness of the lens is T, then a large lens, having a clear aperture of 2C would have a thickness of 2T. The beam of collimated light which could emanate from this larger lens would be equal in area to 4 (the square of 2), but the amount of material necessary to form ythe lens would `be equal to the cube of 2 or 8. On the other hand, four lenses of the same diameter (C) as the smaller lens could be utilized in the manner shown at the extreme right in FIGURE 2 to yield substantially the same combined clear aperture as the aforementioned larger lens without increasing the thickness of any one of the individual lenses. The optical material utilized in an array of four lenses such as shown at the right in FIGURE 2 is therefore one-half of that required for a single lens having the same focal length .and having a diameter equal to the diameter of the four lenses combined. In an optical systern'having an exit clear aperture of approximately 2.0 feet square, this saving in material is obviously of no small consequence. Further, FIGURE 4 shows how this principle of departmentalizing the last optical element of the system can `be carried forward to make a large optical surface from groups of four of single lenses. -In fact although FIGURE 4 only shows a portion of the lens groups utilized, when it is remembered' that approximately 200 such quadrauple lens groups are actually employed, it is quite apparent that a single lens of 20 foot diameter would necessarily require' an immense amount of optical material compared -to that yactually utilized in the invention.

The fact that the collimated rays emanating from the last elements o-f the optical system must also evenly illuminate the ent-ire area tothe right of these elements is diagrammatically illustrated by the'fact that the rays emanating lfrom the last lenses (6W and 60') in'FIGURE 3 are all evenly spaced from each other. It can be shown that the necessary and suiiicient condition for an optical system to collimate evenly a beam of light (i.e. illuminate with equal intensity over an area) is that the optical system itself conforms to the sine condition. Expressed algebraically, the sine condition states that if the equal distances between each of the parallely emergent rays shown in FGURE 3 is l1, then:

h 2h 3h 4h sin a-sinb-sin c sin d where a, b, c and d .are the angles (as measured from the optical axis) of the rays as they leave the light source.

FIG. 1 schematically shows the veffect of chromatic aberration on the uniformity of illumination Iof al volurne lit by a modular collimating system. Thus, yoptical systems 20 and 22, uncorrected for chromatic aberration will halve the tendency of focusing 'bluey light in a narrower beam than red light if the average Wavelength of light (i.e. yellow-green) is exactly collimated. Therefore, areas such as 13 and 14 will tend to be much more rich in blue than in red light; areas 15 and 16 would be richer in red, and area 18 would b-e doubly rich in red because of the contribution of .both optical systems l and 22. Therefore, in order for a composite system to illuminate a volume with substantially uniform spectral content light, the optical sub-assemblie-s making up the composite must be corrected for chromatic aberration. Since in the present application the volume illuminated by the solar simulator .as a whole must have substantially uniform radiation over a large volume as to both intensity and spectral composition, the optical system is chromatically corrected.

The preferredI system utilized in the module Ifor each arc lamp is best seen in FIGURE 2, wherein four optical sub-assemblies are shown grouped about each such light source. Thus mirror `3) relay lens 50', and final lens 60 form only one of four similarly numbered (except for primes) optical sub-assemblies utilized with each are lamp A.

As is best seen in FIG. 3, in order to .accomplish the desirable, in fact essential, uniformity and achromatism of the individual sub-assemblies and therefore of the module composed thereof, a few optical nieeties have been incoporated into the system. Thus, mirror 3() is a Mangin mirror. In other words, mirror l is made up of mirror surface 34 coated on the lback of negative liens' 32 so that this mirror 30 has both reflecting and refracting properties. As .can be seen in FIGURE 3, the converging power of mirror 30 is more than sufficient to collimate the light rays26, 28 from arc lamp A, so that the light rays 36, l38 yactually converge yto a theoretical point 42 adjacent field stop 40, cross, reach lens 50l as rays 46, y48, and then emerge therefrom as 56', 58 before reaching last lens element ,60. Although the positioning and relative strength of lenses 50 and 60 must necessarily be such as to collimate the emerging light rays 66, 68, the relative position a-nd positive dioptric power' of lenses 5) and 61) are also so. chosen that the concave lens 32 (having negative dioptric power) of the Mangin mirror conteraets their spectrum-dispersing effect. The exact curvatures of lensl element 32, relay l-ens 50, and nal lens 60 areso chosen .that vthe Conrady condition for aehromatism -is met with the use of only one optical material. Thereforethe optical system is semi-apochromatic, i.e., the modular'optical system is substantially corrected for chromatism over a very large spectral range.

Although the concept of using modules to form a composite whole has been carried forward so that each light source hasfour complete optical sub-assemblies associated therewith (see FIGURE 2), a single yadditional collecting mirror 80, composed of spherical blank 84 andfront silvering 82, is employed for focusing the rays 76 emanating in a backward direction from the are or spark 72 of the arclamp A (seeFIG. l3). The curvature of the backing'mirror 80 and its relative position from spark 72 yis so chosen that the spark is reimaged substantially uponitself as 72. Since the :actual illuminating spark is quite small, back collecting mirror Si) is preferably positioned as close as possible thereto and therefore has a Very short focal length so as to gather most of the light rays which would otherwise' be wasted. Since image 72 :is closely adjacent and'in substantially the sam-e plane as the original spark '72, the optical system previously described y(i.e., elements 30, 40, 550;'and Y60) affects the image 72 in substantially the same manner as the original spark'72. Thus, the'light which would other-wise vbe wasted from the spark 72 is rpreserved and sent through the optical system in the same manner yas previously described, thus making available .a large fraction of the light admitted by lamp A.

The principlek of departmentalizing is expanded as cany be seen iny FIGS. 2, 3 and especially 4, to compose a very large light projector composed of'many light sources, each having a plurality of (namely four) optical sub-assemblies utilized therewith. Thus, the principle of sub-dividing in order to make feasible thecreation of a large clear aperture in each one of the modules (see FIG. 2), as well v.; as in the general array of modules (see FIG. 4) has been utilized to reduce the amount and weight of the optical material sufficiently to allow the final lens array 60 to be self-supporting.

The arrangement of the modules 100 relative to each other is best perceived by a comparison of FIGURE 4 and FIGURE 2. As can be seen in these two figures, the final lenses 60, 60', 60, and 60', form groups of four, interlocking with adjacent groups of four to yield finally the honeycomb-like structure shown in FIGURE 4, which is not only in one plane but also composed of closely fitting pieces of optical material. The relative positions of some of the arc lamps A and the various relay lenses, 50, 50', 50 and 50"' are also illustrated in FIG. 4.

Therefore, the present invention provides, by utilizing a plurality of modules each of which is in turn composed of essentially four optical systems and one lamp, an artificial light projector of such great intensity and close approximation to the suns radiation as to parallelism and spectral make-up of the radiation that the system is capable of illuminating a 20 by 20 by 20 foot cube. The apparent parallelism of the suns rays in the vicinity of the earth is best measured by the fact that the sun su-btends an angle of approximately 30 minutes from a point at the outer reaches of the earths atmosphere; the individual light sources of the invention will subtend an angle of 53 minutes if the following specifications are followed.

The lamp source is an Osram XBO 2G01 arc lamp of 1800 watt power and having a brightness of 5 times 104 candle poWer/centimeters2. The arc size of this lamp is 2.1 by 4.2 millimeters which is essentially doubled to 4.2 millimeters square by the action of the spherical mirror 80. This front-surface mirror S0 has a radius of curvature of approximately 1% inches and is situated this same distance behind the lamp arc or spark gap4 72. The backsurface Mangin mirror 30 is situated approximately 9 inches away from the arc 72 and, having a radius of curvature of approximately this same dimension, reimages the arc at point 42 in the plane of field stop 40. Thus, image 42 is formed approximately 9 inches in front of (i.e., to the right in FIG. 3) of Mangin mirror 30 and is approximately 6 inches behind relay lens 50. This relay lens, which has a diameter of about 3 inches, is approximately 2() inches to the left of final hexagonal lens 60 which latter is capable of being circumscribed by a circle of 6 inch diameter. The effective focal length of the entire system of mirror 30 and lenses 50 and `60 is 12 inches so that the arc 72 (including its image 72') will apparently subtend approximately 53 minutes in the 20 by 20 by 20 foot cube to the right of the final hexagonal lenses 69. Since the lbrightness of the arc lamps is approximately 1/s that of the sun, the apparent brightness of each arc lamp as seen in this 20 foot cube will be approximately the same as the sun also, assuming that the optical system has, as herewith disclosed, a total relative aperture speed of approximately F/ l. Actually this optical speed of F/ l is the speed of the four optical subassemblies used with each light source combined, the relative speed of a single mirror 30, lens 50, and lens 60 being only F 2 (since l2" divided by 6" equals 2).

The optical system is corrected for chromatic aberration by means of utilizing the negative dispersive effect of the negative element 32 of Mangin mirror 30 to counteract the opposite (positive) dispersive effect of relay lens 50 and final lens 60. Since spherical'aberration as well as non-conformity to the sine condition (as previously described) will cause uneven lighting of the volume illuminated by the solar simulator, aspheric (and toric) surfaces, as well as conventional bending of the lenses is utilized to minimize spherical aberration, as well as to satisfy the sine condition. Further, so that the righthand surfaces of the final lenses (60) do not act as concave reflectors (and thereby focusing the reflected rays from the space vehicle surface back as hot spots), this surface must be convex, as shown in FIG. 3. Prefere ably, the left-hand surface thereof should also Ibe either plane or else concave (as seen from the left in FIG. 3) for the same reason. Thus, the center of curvature of the right-hand surface of the final lenses is on the (lefthand) side of the lens closer to light source; and the center of curvature of the left-hand surface of these lenses is either on this same light source side or else at infinity (when this left-hand surface is plane). Since a center of curvature at infinity means there is no (real) center of curvature, both of these surfaces may be said to have their center of curvature (if any) on the side of the lens closer to the light source.

Thus, the invention provides an extremely fast optical system, requiring for each lamp a minimum of costly optical material (for example, fused silica), thereby saving great cost and weight, alleviating mounting diiculties, and making practical the manufacture of the honeycomb of hexagonal final lenses 60 of substantially one-piece construction except for mounting means between lenses and groups.

The invention therefore succeeds in overcoming an extremely diiiicult technological problem with only a minimum of optical material, high approximation of the radiant energy of the sun (the aforementioned Osram arc lamp, although similar in spectral make-up to that of the sun, should be further filtered), and although utilizing a large number of modular units, nevertheless, is practical even though relatively expensive to manufacture. Thus, although in order to illuminate the 20 by 20 by 20 foot cube previously mentioned, approximately 200 modules of the type shown in FIG. 2 must be arranged in a manner schematically outlined in FIG. 4, the total amount of, say, fused silica required is relatively small because of the modular nature of the solar simulator.

Although the invention has been illustrated and described witn specic numerical data for effective focal length, clear apertures, and light source brightness and y size, the actual dimensions of the optical system and type of light source chosen may be varied without departing from the spirit of the invention. Therefore, the invention is not limited to any of the specific sizes of optical elements disclosed. The invention may also be utilized for purposes other than solar simulation. Because of the high degree of collimation and corrections for chromatic and spherical aberration and also conformity to the sine condition, the inventive radiant energy collimating system may be used as an extremely powerful, albeit somewhat expensive, searchlight. The invention is therefore not limited to any'specific numerical values or exact use; but, on the contrary is defined in the appended claims.

I claim:

1. A radiant energy projector for projecting substantially parallel light and other radiant energy comprising:

a plurality of radiant energy sources;

each of said sources having associated therewith an -optical syste-m;

said optical system comprising a .plurality of substan- .tially identical optical sub-assemblies, each of said sub-assemblies being composed of a plurality of optical elements;

the optical elements of each sub-assembly most remote from its associ-ated radiant energy source defining the final optical axis of said sub-assembly;

the optical elements in each of said sub-assemblies nearest to the rad'iantenergy source being concave mirrors positioned relative to each other and the associated radiant energy source so as to collect at least part of the radiation emitted therefrom;

the optical elements in each of said sub-assemblies being `ofsuch dioptric power and relative position as to collimate the radiation collected by the concave mirror ,of the sub-assembly;

said -collimated radiation of each sub-assembly therefore being parallel lto said final optical axis of that sub-assembly;

'eachsaid .final optical-.axis being substantiallyparallel to the nalopticalaxes ofthe.othersubwassemblies.

inthe. sameoptical .system and all .theother optical.

systems; said; sub-assemblies .being symmetrically arranged. rela.-

tiveto 4its .associated radiant energysource;4

that optical element which isrnost remote. frorrrthe.

associ-ated'radiant energy source beinga. largef,diam

eter positive refractive.. elementl having two. optically;

activersurfaces;

eaclrof said most remote 4large elements having itsperiphery :contiguous to the corresponding large-refractive elements of the other optical sub-assemblies,

.thereby forming a large. composite, arrayfof-lenses, so that the `continuous `area beyond said'lens array y.

is evenly illuminated; 2. Aradiantfenergy projector according to claim 1,` in

which each ofg said sub-assemblies comprises vin, addition tosaid concave mirror at least two refractive elements, at -least one pair of refractive elements having dioptric power of. oppositcvsign and ersuch magnitudefrelative to each other and a-ny other refractive elements lin said subf assemblies that the chromatic aberrationintroduced by the. refractive elements is 'mutually balanced out.

3. A radiant energy yprojector according to .claim 2in which at .least `one of said optical elements is aspheric so as to substantially eliminate spherical aberrations.

4. A- radiant energy projector according to claiml 1 in.

which the lmore remote refractive surface .lof cach of. said most. remote ele-ments has its center lof curvature onthe. side of vsaid most remote element closer to its associatedv energy source, so as to. avoid concentrationv of the back reflection from the objectilluminated bysaid projector.

S. A radiant energy projector accordingto claim 1in which both refractive surfaces of each of said last elements have their. real centers .of curvature, if any, onthe side of. said most remote ele-ment closer to its associated energy.

source, sol as to avoid concentration yof theback reflection from the object illuminated bysaid projector.

6. A radiant energy `projector according to claim 1, in

which ea-ch of. said sub-assemblies is substantiallycorrected for chromatic .and spherical aberration. and conforming to the sine condition.

7. A radiant. energy projector according to claim 1 in which each of :said optical sub-assemblies comprises, in,

.addition to said concave, collective mirror, a relay` lens 9. A radiant energy projector for projectingsubstantially parallel light and other radiant energy comprising;

.a plurality of radiant energy sources;

ea-ch .of said sources having associated therewith a modular optical system;

said optical system. comprising a plurality of substantially iden-tical optical sub-assemblies, each of said sub-assemblies being composed of a plurality ofl opti-I cal elements; i

the -optical elements of each sub-assembly most remote from its associated radiant` energy source defining the final optical axis of said sub-assembly;

the optical elements in each of said sub-assemblies nearest to the .radiant energy source being. concave mirrors positioned relative .t to. each other. and the associated radiant energysource so .as-to collect at least Vpart of .the radiation emitted, therefrom;

the optical elements in ea-ch of said subfassembliesbeing of such d-ioptric power and relative positionas,to. ool limate the radiation collected bythe concavernirror of the sub-assembly; 'Y

:said oollimated'radiation cica-ch sub-assembly .therefore being parallel to said' final opticalaxis of that sub-assembly;

each said nal optical axis being substantially parallel t-othe i-nalop't-ical' axes of the other sub-assemblies inuthefsame opt-icalsystem andallthe other optical systems;

each of asaidvsub-assemblies 'being substantially correctedffonchromatic `and spherical. aberrationV .and conforming `to the -sine condition;

said; concave collecting mirrors vof eachnsub-assembly of-'themodular optical systems, which aresth-e optical elements nearest. to. the-radiant energy source. of that system andlhereforereceive radiation directly from said ;sour:ce,; being., symmetrically arranged about one side of said. radiantsource;I

and. a single,additionalfbacking.mirror in each optical systeme; positioned ion" the other side .ofv the radiant energysource, for sending a-t4 le-astsome of the rays fromfeach sour-ce; which would otherwise travel to said-otherjside ofjsaid'source andl thereforeaway from said nearest optical elements of said modular optical systems, towardsaid nearest optical elements, thereby .conserving radiant energy whichwould otherwise` be lost;

said-.sub-assemblies being symmetrically a-rrangedrelativeto .its associated radiant energy source;

.that optical element which is most remote from the associated. radiant-energy source being a large. diameter positive refractive element having two optically active surfaces;

each of said most remote large elments having its periphery contiguous tothe corresponding large refractive. elements of fthe other optical sub-assemblies, thereby formingv a large composite .array of lenses, so thatthe `continuous area beyond said lens array is evenly illuminated..

ReferenceslCited .bythe Examiner 'UNITED STATES PATENTSl 820,053 5/1906` Lamb 88-24 1,402,816 v 1/1922 W'allis 2410-413` 1,623,699 4/1927; Price 240-3 1,740,229 12/ 1929 D orey. 1,784,171 12/1930 Bertling 24o-1.1 1,838,173 12/1931 Chretien 88-24 1,916,320 7/17933 Ives 8f3-24 1,946,088 2/1934 Maurer 88--24 2,097,785 Y ll/1937 Field 240-4l.3 X 2,114,232 4/ 1938 Muller 240-3 2,506,131 5/1950 Bonnet'v 88-24 2,515,862 7/1950 Carlton etal. 88-24 2,562,077 7/1951 Wnnek 88-24 2,587,956 4/1952 Bastien* 24U- 41.3 X 2,689,502 9/1954 Ayres 88-24 2,873,643l 2/1959 St.Y Genie'r 88-24 2,954,461 97.1960- Tucker 24U- 106 FOREIGN PATENTS 101,707 78/1937 Australia.

707,064 4/1931 France.,

925,505 4/.1947 France.Y

385,495 12/ 1932 Great Britain.

711x157 a Gr. 504.

NORTONANSHER, Primary Examiner. GEORGE HYMAN, JR., Examiner.

Claims (1)
1. A RADIANT ENERGY PROJECTOR FOR PROJECTING SUBSTANTIALLY PARALLEL LIGHT AND OTHER RADIANT ENERGY COMPRISING: A PLURALITY OF RADIANT ENERGY SOURCES; EACH OF SAID SOURCES HAVING ASSOCIATED THEREWITH AN OPTICAL SYSTEM; SAID OPTICAL SYSTEM COMPRISING A PLURALITY OF SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL OPTICAL SUB-ASSEMBLIES, EACH OF SAID SUB-ASSEMBLIES BEING COMPOSED OF A PLURALITY OF OPTICAL ELEMENTS; THE OPTICAL ELEMENTS OF EACH SUB-ASSEMBLY MOST REMOTE FROM ITS ASSOCIATED RADIANT ENERGY SOURCE DEFINING THE FINAL OPTICAL AXIS OF SAID SUB-ASSEMBLY; THE OPTICAL ELEMENT IN EACH OF SAID SUB-ASSEMBLIES NEAREST TO THE RADIANT ENERGY SOURCE BEING CONCAVE MIRRORS POSITIONED RELATIVE TO EACH OTHER AND THE ASSOCIATED RADIANT ENERGY SOURCE SO AS TO COLLECT AT LEAST PART OF THE RADIATION EMITTED THEREFROM; THE OPTICAL ELEMENTS IN EACH OF SAID SUB-ASSEMBLIES BEING OF SUCH DIOPTRIC POWER AND RELATIVE POSITION AS TO COLLIMATE THE RADIATION COLLECTED BY THE CONCAVE MIRROR OF THE SUB-ASSEMBLY; SAID COLLIMATED RADIATION OF EACH SUB-ASSEMBLY THEREFORE BEING PARALLEL TO SAID FINAL OPTICAL AXIS OF THAT SUB-ASSEMBLY; EACH SAID FINAL OPTICAL AXIS BEING SUBSTANTIALLY PARALLEL TO THE FINAL OPTICAL AXES OF THE OTHER SUB-ASSEMBLIES IN THE SAME OPTICAL SYSTEM AND ALL THE OTHER OPTICAL SYSTEMS; SAID SUB-ASSEMBLIES BEING SYMMETRICALLY ARRANGED RELATIVE TO ITS ASSOCIATED RADIANT ENERGY SOURCE; THAT OPTICAL ELEMENT WHICH IS MOST REMOTE FROM THE ASSOCIATED RADIANT ENERGY SOURCE BEING A LARGE DIAMETER POSITIVE REFRACTIVE ELEMENT HAVING TWO OPTICALLY ACTIVE SURFACES; EACH OF SAID MOST REMOTE LARGE ELEMENTS HAVING ITS PERIPHERY CONTIGUOUS TO THE CORRESPONDING LARGE REFRACTIVE ELEMENTS OF THE OTHER OPTICAL SUB-ASSEMBLIES, THEREBY FORMING A LARGE COMPOSITE ARRAY OF LENSES, SO THAT THE CONTINUOUS AREA BEYOND SAID LENS ARRAY IS EVENLY ILLUMINATED.

Patent Citations (21)

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US1402816A *1920-09-201922-01-10John W WallisProjector
US1623699A *1922-10-311927-04-05William E PriceLantern
US1740229A *1928-01-241929-12-17Holophane Co IncLighting apparatus
US1784171A *1927-05-141930-12-09Bertling HerbertArtificial lighting having a daylight effect
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Cited By (15)
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US3387128A *1964-02-181968-06-04Barbier EtsRadiation condenser devices
US3501626A *1964-02-181970-03-17Anciens Ets BarbierRadiation condenser devices
US3770344A *1969-05-201973-11-06Ricoh KkLight source system for overhead projectors
US3832539A *1970-10-071974-08-27J OramMulti-beam lighting device
US4185891A *1977-11-301980-01-29Grumman Aerospace CorporationLaser diode collimation optics
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US4701831A *1985-03-121987-10-20Clino Trini CastelliMethod of lighting environments in general, particularly open space environments
US5217285A *1991-03-151993-06-08The United States Of America As Represented By United States Department Of EnergyApparatus for synthesis of a solar spectrum
US5568366A *1994-10-111996-10-22The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space AdministrationCompact solar simulator with a small subtense angle and controlled magnification optics
US5984484A *1997-10-311999-11-16Trw Inc.Large area pulsed solar simulator
US20030202349A1 *2000-03-142003-10-30Toyoda Gosei Co., Ltd.Light source device
GB2447543A *2007-03-132008-09-17Boeing CoCompact high intensity solar simulator
US20130003341A1 *2010-03-162013-01-03Holonix International Co., Ltd.Solar Simulator
US8378661B1 *2008-05-292013-02-19Alpha-Omega Power Technologies, Ltd.Co.Solar simulator
US20130114237A1 *2011-11-072013-05-09Harvey B. SerrezeSolar simulator
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Hovering Hexagon "UAP" above Crazy Horse Monument, S Dakota

Two Suns - Fake, Artifical, Hexagonal Sun, Seen in Ireland

ILLUMINATION SYSTEM INCLUDING A VIRTUAL LIGHT SOURCE



ILLUMINATION SYSTEM INCLUDING A VIRTUAL LIGHT SOURCE



REPLY TO
ATTN OF: GP
MEMORANDUM
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION
WASHINGTON, D.C'. 20546
July 6, 1971
FROM :
~~~/Scientific & Technical Information Division _ Attn: ~iss Winnie M. Morgan
~~/~ffice of Assistant General
Counsel for Patent Matters
SUBJECT: Announcement of NASA-Owned
U.S. Patents in STAR
In accordance with the procedures contained in the Code GP
to Code US1 memorandum on this subject, dated June 8, 1970,
the attached NASA-owned U.S. patent is being forwarded for
abstracting and announcement in NASA STAR.
The following information is provided:
U.S. Patent No.
Corporate Source
Supplementary
Corporate Source
: Bausch & Lomb, Inc.
NASA Patent case No.: MQ?- /dYf/
wL Gayle Parker
Enclosure :
Copy of Patent
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19710020816 2018-08-31T18:58:18+00:00Z
March 8, 1966 J. F. HALL, JR 3,2391,660







Filed Jan. 31, 1961 2 Sheets-Sheel I
FIG. I
INVENTOR.
JOSEPH E HPbLk JR.
ATTORNEYS 
March 8, 1966 J. F. HALL, JR 3,239,668
ILLUMINATION SYSTEM INCLUDING A VIRTUAL LIGHT SOURCE
Filed Jan. 31. 1961 2 Sheets-Sheet 2
FIG. 2
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
INVENTOR.
JOSEPI-I E HALL JR. 
3,239,668 United States Patent Office ,a,,,,, ,,,* , ,,,,
2
Briefly, an illumination system according lo the present
3,239,660 invention comprises an array of real light sources, means ~~&~M~NAT~ON SYSmM m(1.LUDmG A VIRTUAL for directing light from all of the sources into a common, LIGHT SOURCE relatively confined path toward a multi-fac-tcd reflector, "~~~6)~~2~~'L$9$~~~2~$i2k~lgf~~~~~,"et~,"2$~ 5 which will be described in greater detail hercinaftcr and
slows of 42 U.S.C. 2457Cd) which serves as a virtual source. The reflector distributes
Piled Jan. 31, 1961, Ser. No. 86,018 the light received from the real sources over a reiatibeiy
8 Claims. ((1.1.240-41.36) wide angle, and directs it toward a collimating reflector
thereby illuminating the desired field. The intensity of
 hi^ invention relates to a novel illumination system 10 illumin~ation from the virtual source constituted by the
including plural, spaced light sources and means for corn- multi-faceted reflector is directly proportional to the
bining their outputs to form a single virtual source. number of real sources that are ei?ergizei! at any given
Illunlinalion systems of the type in which it is desired time. Because of the nature of the multi-f~cetcd reflector
to vary the intensity of illumination without varying its and the manner in which it distribute$ light ~rn~in~ii?~
color, or the spectral distribution of the energy content 15 upon it, the field is always relatively un~forrnly rlltimihave
heretofore depended largely upon variable stops or naied regardless of which ones of the real sources are neutr~l density optical wedges for controlling the intensity energized or de-energi~d.
of the illumination. These systems necessarily involves The present invention was developed in connection with
a loss of eacency as the illumination is attenuated, and a gun simulator system for use with an oiater space cnare
not economically useful in systems capable of produc- 20 vironmental test chamber, and is believt-cl to be espeing
reiaiilreiy high intensity illulnination such as, for ex- cially advantageous for such application It is also example,
sun simulator systems. pected, however, thtat the invention v~lill find advanIn
a sun system, it is desirable to provide tageous application in other cases wheie s,mriar diesigci
means for varying the intensity of illumination over a requirements are to be considered.
relatively wide range without change in the spectral dis- 25 Referring now to the drawings, an ill~~minetion system
tribution of the illumination, so that the simulator may according to a presently preferred embodimrni of rhe inbe
used to simulate not only sunlight, but also earthlight vention is illustrated in FIG. 1 arranged as a sun slmrrand
moonlight. In order to provide sufficient illumination lator for illuminating the interior of an outer space ento
simulate sunlight over a practicably large area, it is vironmental test chamber 10, in whrch an object such as
necessary to employ plural light sources, and it is desirable 30 a space satellite may be placed for lest purposes. The
to control the intensity of illumination by varying the illumination system of the invention incl~~dcs an array
number of the light sources that are energized, thereby 12 of real light sources 14, which are preferzbly xenon
avoiding changes in the spectral distribution of the light or mercury-xenon high pressure arc lamps, because thc
output of the simulator, and maintaining a relatively high light output of such lamps relati~c'y closely app~oxidegree
of eficiency. It is also desirable to avoid localized mates sunlight with respect to its spectral d~qlribution.
field darkening effects caused by the selective extinguish- Any desired means (no1 shown) arc provtded for sclecrnent
of the individual light sources, and to maintain uni- tively energizing different ones of the lamps 14. $he
formity of illumination over the entire field toward which lamps 14 are arranged in a disc-like may, and individ~iai
the illuminator is directed. parabolic reflectors 16 are positioned behlncl the respecAccordingly,
one important object of the present inven- 40 tive lamps 24 for directing light from the lamps gcntion
is to provide a novel illumination system including erally downwardly toward a single, upwardly concave
means for combining the outputs of plural light sources parabolic reflector 18. The lamps 14, and the reflectors
to form a single virtual source, the intensity of which varies 16 are mounted on a framework gcneraliy design,~+cd
in accoidance with the number of individual real sources 20, which is supported on a plurality of I-beams 22. Pn
that are selectively energized at any one time. 45 those cases where relatively large pourer outputs are re- Other objects are: to provide a novel illumination sys- quired, as in the present sun simulator, the I-beams 22
ten1 particularly suitable for use as a sun simulator in are preferably cooled by a liquid circuIateir ~hiough
conjunction with an environmental test chamber; to pro- pipes 24 arranged in thermal contact with the I-isednls 22
vide a novel illumination system of this type in which The concave reflector 18 converges the 11g11i lrocl the
the real light sources may be positioned exteriorly of the 50 individual light sources 14, and directs it roiv~id a ieldtest
chamber and their light outputs directed into the test tively small diameter, convex, hype1 bolii mirror 26,
chamber through n relatively small window; to provide a which is located at the center of the array 12, facing dw~nnovel
il!u:nination system of this type including means wardiy. The relative curvatures of the concave refleefor
producing a virtual source within the chamber, the tor 18 and the convex mirror 26 are chosen so that the
intensity of which is proportional to the total number of 55 light coming downwardly from the convex ~llirror 26 is
the real sources that are energized at any given time; substantially collimated.
and in general, to provide an illumination system of this A window 28 in the form of a lens is mounted in the
type which is of relatively simple and rugged conslruc- cover 130, of the chamdber 10, and the collimated light
tion, and reliable and convenient in operation. from the convex mirror %6 passes through the window
The foregoing and other objects and advantages of the 60 28. The optical power of the window 28 is selectcd to
invention will become apparent in the following de- image the convex rdector mirror 26 upon the multitailed
description of a representative embodiment there- faceted reflector 30, which is fixed vvithin the chamber
of, taken in conjunction with the drawings, wherein 180 directly beneath the windolw 28 and optically aligned
FIG. 1 is a partly schematic, vertical sectional view with the window 28 and the canvex reflector 26, Thus,
of a sun simulator according to the present invention; 65 the array 12 is imaged on the multi-faceted reflector 30,
FIG. 2 is a partly schematic, verticel sectional view which becomes a virtual light source wiihin the lest cham- on an enlarged scale of the array of light sources in- ber 10.
cluded in the sun simulator shown in FIG. 1; The parabolic reflector receives a collimated light from
FIG. 3 is a iragrnentarp bottom view of the array of the plurality of light sources 14 and refledors $6 asso- light sources, and 70 ciated with said sources. The hyperbolic reflector 26
FIG. 4 is an enlarged cross section view of the plu- bares a relationship to the paraioolic reflector IS such that
naiity of hyperboloids of revolution. when the virtual focus of the hyperbolic reflector and the 
3,239,660
3 4
focal point of the parabolic reflector are coincidental, ria1 for these reflectors, and reIativeIy large, accurately
the light reliected from the hyperbolic reflector 26 is sub- curved glass or metal surfaces such as those exceeding
stantially collimated. This relationship is a character- about ten feet in diameter are not readily available. These
istic of these two types of refleotors in the combination as and other variations in datails of construction will be
illustrated, It is of course necessary that the proper 5 well within the skill of those familiar with the art.
reflectors t?e selected to provide a collimabion as indi- What is claimed is:
cated. 1. A light source for use in conjunction with an cn- Thc light reflected from the [hyperbolic reflector 26 is vironment test chamber comprising an array of real
however slightly convergent as it is reflected from the light soulces, means defining a test chamber, said array
reflector, This 1s due to the fact that the parabolic focal 10 disposed outside of the chamber, a light converging repoint
is iniermediate the parabolic reflector 18 and the flector intermediate said chambcr and said alray, reliiit~~al
focal point of the hyperbolic reflector 26. The flectors individually associated with each one of said real
distance beiwcen the two focal points controls the con- light sources directing light in a comnlon direction toward
vergence of the iays ieflected from the hyperbolic reflector the chamber and said reflector, a divelgent reflector posi26,
It lb necesaary however that the central axis of both 15 tioned adjacent to said array receiving light from said con- tne rcflectars 18 and 26 be coincidental. vergent reflector and directing collimat~ng light so received
Thc multi-faceted reflector 30 is a highly reflective sur- towald the chamber, a reflector composed of a close
face p~eferably in the form of a close packed array of packed array of curved surfaces positioned within the convex bypeiboloids of revolution. It distributes the chamber facing said divergent reflector forming a plurality light received by it, causing the light to diverge upwardly 20 of virtual light sources within the chamber, a lens conioward
a downwardly directly parabolic reflector 32. The stituting a window in the chamber wall imaging said
rntiltl-faceted reflector 38 serves to "scramble" the image divergent surfaces of said reflector upon said close paclced
of the array 12. Each hype~bolic portion of the reflector reflector, a second light converging reflector mounted
30 riiumina~tes substantially the entire surface of the down- wrthin said chamber receiving light from said close
wdrd!y fac~ng parabolic reflector 32, so that even in the 25 packed surfaces on said reflector and collimating light
event that only one randomly selected light source 14 so received within the test chamber.
1s energized, and only a rela~tively small portion of the 2. An illumination system for use in conjunction with
multi-facetc;ci reflector is illuminated, the entire surface an environmental testing chamber comprising an array
oi the downwardly facing reflector 32 will be relatively of real light sources, means defining a test chamber,
uniformly illuminated. 30 said array disposed outside of the chamber, reflectors
The reflectors 30 and 34 are axially coincidental with individually associated with each one of said real light
the para~oilc reflector 32 and the hyperbolic reflector 26. sources directing light in a comrnon direction toward
Each of the reflectors 30 and 34 are formed by a reflect- the chamber, a concave parabolic reflector mounted admg
piuraiity surface 40 simulating hyperboloids of revo- jacent to said chamber facing said may, a convex hyperlwtion
havrng a characteristic of reflecting light with a 35 bolic retlector centrally mounted adjacent to said array
lrniform illumination over the surface of the parabolic facing said parabolic reflector, the curvatures of said
reflector 32 and 36 respectively. The surfaces form a parabolic and hyperbolic reflectors being selected to provirtual
source 41 as indicated. The hyperbolic surfaoes duce a substantially collimated beam of light from said
of refiector 34 ho~~ever reflect against the hype~bolic re- hyperbolic reflector, a multi-faceted refl~ctor composed
fiector 36. 40 of a close-packed array of convex hyperboloidal surIn
relatively large systems such as the system for which faces positioned within the chamber facing said hyperthe
herein. described embodiment of the invention was de- bolic reflector, lens means in the wall of the chamber
veloped, st may be desirable to provide an auxiliary multi- imaging said hyperbolic reflector upon said close-packed
faceted reflector 34, and a corresponding parabolic reflec- array reflector, each one of said hyperboloidal surfaces
tor 36 to fill in the shadow cast by the first multi-faceted 45 being no larger than the size of an image formed thereat
reflector 30. For example, when the main downwardly of one of said real light sources by said parabolic reiac1n.g
parabolic reflector 32 is about twenty-five feet in flector, said hyperbolic reflector, and said lens means,
diameter, the main multi-faceted reflector 30 may be and a second hyperbolic reflector mounted within the
about thirty inches in diameter, and thus cast an appre- chamber collecting and collimating light reflected from
ciable shadow within the chamber. In order to minimize 50 said close-packed array reflector.
the shadow, the main multi-faceted reflector 30 may have 3. An illuminating system comprising a plllrality of
a control aperture 38 permitting a relatively small por- light sources including means radiating a substantially
tion of the light to pass through the main multi-faceted collimated luminous flux, a multi-faceted reflector inraflector
30 and fall upon an auxiliary, relatively small cluding a plurality of surfaces of revolution constructed
dan~eter andti-faceted refleotor 34. The auxiliary reflec- 55 and arranged with their axes of rotation in parallel retor
34 then directs the light received by it upwardly to lationship relative to each other, reflector means receiv-
;n auxi11ary parabolic refiector 36 in an exactly similar ing the luminous flux from said plurality of light sources manner as the nuin multi-faceted reflector 30. and directing the luminous flux on said multi-iaceted
The rnrrlti-faceted reflectors 30 and 34 may take any reflector, light directing means receiving uniform light
desired lorm. Preferably, for maximum efficiency their 60 from said multi-faceted reflector in response to lhe illuworklng
surfaces are highly reflective over the entire mination of any of said facets in said multi-faceted respectral
range of the illuminating system, so that they flector and directing uniform illumination over a prewill
absorb a minimum proportion of the energy imping- determined area.
Ing ilpon them. They may be relatively finely textured, 4. A sun simulator comprising an array of light sources
provided they achieve adequate scattering of the col- 63 radiating collimated light each having a light output
llrnated light impinging upon them, or they may be, for simlating the spectral outpat of sunlight, a reflector
example, of a relatively coarse, nodular texture as in the comprising a close packed array of hyperbolic reflecthjperboloidal
array described hereinabove. Each nodule, ing surfaces having axes in parallel relationship, sald
or curved facet is preferably no larger than the size the icflector constructed and arranged in a manner forming
image oi a single one of the real light sources 14 formed 70 a plurality of virtual light sources providing illuminaon
the reflector. tion of an intensity proporti~nal to the number of light
In relatively large devices of this character, the para- sources energizing and with a special distribution which
bolic reflectors 118 and 32 are preferably made in sec- remains substantially constant despite vnliaticris of its
tional form lor convenience in manufacture and assem- intensity due to cha~lges in the number of said light
bly. Generally, glass or metal is a preferred base mate- 7.5 sources that are energized, a light converging optical sys- 
3,239,660
5 6
tem directing light from said plurality of sources to an intensity proportional to the number of light sourccs
said reflector, a collimator receiving light from said re- energized.
flector and directing collimated light over a predetermined 8. An illuminating system comprising an array of area. real light sources, a parabolic light reflector associated
5. An illuminating system comprising a plurality of 5 with each of said light sources reflecting a substantiatljr
light sources radiating a substantially collimated lumi- collimated luminous flux, a multi-faceted reflector in- nous flux, a reflector defining at least a portion of a cluding a plurality of facets defining at least a portion
surface of a hyperboloid of revolution, any portions of a paraboloid of revolution having parallel axes with
of surfaces of revolution having axes arranged in paral- each of said facets forming a virtual source no larger
lel relationship, an optical system intermediate said plu- than the size of said sources, an optical system includrality
of light sources and said reflector constructed and ing parabolic reflectors imaging said array of light sources
arranged for increasing the intensity of the luminous on said multi-faceted reflector, a parabolic collimator
flux directed on said reflector, light gathering means re- receiving uniform illumination from each of said pluceiving
light from said reflector and projecting a luminous rality of facets of said reflector and reflecting a subflux
of decreased intensity in a substantially collimated 15 stantially collimated luminous flux of the intensity pro- manner. portional to the number of light sources energized.
6. An illuminating system comprising a plurality of
light sources radiating a substantially collimated flux, a References Cited by the Examher
multi-faceted reflector, said facets defining hyperboloids
of revolution having parallel axes and forming virtual
image sources reflecting light equally in all directions
about an axis of the hyperboloid of revolution, an optical
system intermediate said sources and said facets
receiving the luminous flux from said sources and focusing
the luminous flux on said facets, a collimator receiving
light from said facets of said multi-faceted reflector
and projecting a uniform illumination.
7. An illuminator system comprising an array of real
light sources aligned in parallel relationship and radiating
a substantially collimated luminous flux, a multifaceted
reflector incuding a plurality of surfaces of revolution
axially in parallel alignment relative to each other,
an optical system intermediate said sources and said
facets imaging said array of light sources upon said
facets, a parabolic collimator means receiving light from
said plurality of facets constructed and arranged to project
uniformity of illumination from said collimator of
UNITED STATES PATENTS
5/1918 McKeever -------- 240-41.36
1/1935 Wahlberg -------- 240-41.6 X
11/1941 Gensburg --------- 240-41.35
6/1942 Wahlberg -------- 240-41.6 X
6/1955 Jorn --------------240-47 X
5/ 1956 Ferguson --------- 240-46.49
7/1956 Ott et al. -------- 240-41.1 X
4/1957 Rosin ------------- 240-41.1
FOREIGN PATENTS
128,240 6/1919 Great Britain.
832,378 4/1960 Great Britaiin.
NORTON ANSHER, Primary Exanzi~zer.
GEORGE A. NINAS, JR., EMIL, G. ANDERSON,
SAMUEL FEINBERG, Examiners. 

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