Translate

Thursday, September 24, 2020

The end of the fake "Rona" scam and legal frameworks and official governmental policy we all need to use to prosecute those those responsible for the crimes commited against us all,


The end of the fake "Rona" scam and legal frameworks and official governmental policy we all need to use to prosecute those those responsible for the crimes commited against us all,

#WakeUp
πŸ‘ΏπŸ’©πŸ‘Ž

By Darren Law

A.K.A The Hidden

It's time we acted in the interest of all peoples of all nations by protecting our lives and rights, so we can collectively end this charade once and for all.

I highly recommend that we should all fully do this to end this diabolical infringement upon our very lives and human right's, the framework i put forth here was meant to protect the rights of all the peoples and peoples with disabilities and those suffering with long-term health problems, be they mental or physical or anyone who is adversely and detrimentally effected by the actions of any and all public bodies when implementing their policy or in the daily operation of a private business within the nation, it is a nation wide policy effect and it applies to all the peoples of great Briton and the common wealth, So if you have been adversely effected by the highly illegal and criminal policy which your government has enforced upon you and your lives (which we all have) and have suffered undue, harm, alarm or distress, because of this crime that has and is being committed against you currently as you read these words, or if you have felt victimised or discriminated against by the public or private corporate sectors further enabled by the discrimination of individuals by private business or persons or public bodies on people who simply choose to "believe differently" from their own internal opinions or beliefs then please help me sue them or bring this to court, or just share the hell out of it and make it go viral to help let everyone in the world see it and then we can end this Fuckery, because unlike those who have set this scam and game in motion, we the people truly are  "All In It Together", and that is our greatest strength our unity and faith and trust and love for each other, It make's us stronger in ways they can only dream of being, so lets do this Together as the free peoples of the planet Earth, And lets end their game on a Checkmate.

A Big thank you to everyone who shares or reads this for your time and efforts and considerations, and for your continued support for the work i do for me & for you

Your friend,

D Law. (aka The Hidden) 

written and drafted and hopefully published on 24/09/2020

the following pages of policy are direct from government sources with links and i will highlight all the relevant sections that you need to read and understand easier.


Know your rights

Whatever your physical or learning disability, you have a right to equality, fairness, respect and understanding at your workplace and in public.

Employees and "jobseekers" (any member of the public) with or without disabilities are legally protected against discrimination under the



Search

Guidance

Equality Act 2010: guidance

Information and guidance on the Equality Act 2010, including age discrimination

"public sector Equality Duty".
Published 27 February 2013
Last updated 16 June 2015 — see all updates
From:

Contents

Overview

The Equality Act 2010 legally protects people from discrimination in the workplace and in wider society.

It replaced previous anti-discrimination laws with a single Act, making the law easier to understand and strengthening protection in some situations. It sets out the different ways in which it’s unlawful to treat someone.

Find out more about who is protected from discrimination, the types of discrimination under the law and what action you can take if you feel you’ve been unfairly discriminated against.
Discrimination: making a complaint

Before the Act came into force there were several pieces of legislation to cover discrimination, 
including:
Sex Discrimination Act 1975
Race Relations Act 1976
Disability Discrimination Act 1995

If you wish to complain about possible unlawful treatment 

If you were subject to unlawful treatment on or after 1 October 2010, the Equality Act applies.

For example, if you experienced sex discrimination on 30 September 2010, which continued until 2 October 2010, the Equality Act will apply, not the Sex Discrimination Act.

Find out more about how to complain about unlawful treatment in the Discrimination: your rights guide.
Equality Act provisions: commencement dates

To allow people and organisations enough time to prepare for the new laws, the provisions of the Act were brought in at different times (known as commencement dates).
October 2010

Equality Act provisions which came into force on 1 October 2010:

the basic framework of protection against direct and indirect discrimination, harassment and victimisation in services and public functions, premi, work, education, associations and transport

protection for people discriminated against because they are perceived to have, or are associated with someone who has, a protected characteristic

clearer protection for breastfeeding mothers
applying a uniform definition of indirect discrimination to all protected characteristics
harmonising provisions allowing voluntary positive action
Provisions relating to disability
extending protection against indirect discrimination to disability
introducing the concept of “discrimination arising from disability” to replace protection under previous legislation lost as a result of a legal judgment
applying the detriment model to victimisation protection (aligning with the approach in employment law) harmonising the thresholds for the duty to make reasonable adjustments for disabled people extending protection against harassment of employees by third parties to all protected characteristics
making it more difficult for disabled people to be unfairly screened out when applying for jobs, by restricting the circumstances in which employers can ask job applicants questions about disability or health

Provisions relating to work
allowing claims for direct gender pay discrimination where there is no actual comparator
making pay secrecy clauses unenforceable
extending protection in private clubs to sex, religion or belief, pregnancy and maternity, and gender reassignment
introducing new powers for employment tribunals to make recommendations which benefit the wider workforce
April 2011

Equality Act provisions which came into force in April 2011:
positive action - recruitment and promotion
public sector Equality Duty (see section below)

Ministers are considering how to implement the remaining provisions in the best way for business and for others with rights and responsibilities under the act. Their decisions will be announced in due course.

Equality Act Provisions that the government has decided not to take forward:
public sector duty regarding socio-economic inequalities (The Poor)
combined discrimination - dual characteristics (Old and Poor)
Age discrimination (The Old)

The Equality Act 2010 includes provisions that ban age discrimination against adults in the provision of services and public functions. The ban came into force on 1 October 2012 and it is now unlawful to discriminate on the basis of age unless:
the practice is covered by an exception from the ban
good reason can be shown for the differential treatment (‘objective justification’)
The ban on age discrimination is designed to ensure that the new law prohibits only harmful treatment that results in genuinely unfair discrimination because of age. It does not outlaw the many instances of different treatment that are justifiable or beneficial.
You can read the original consultation on the archived Government Equalities Office website.
There is an overview of how the ban works and tailored guides for small businesses, private clubs and the holiday sector in the Equality Act guidance.
Age discrimination: exceptions
The government response to the consultation includes the draft Exceptions Order. You can also read the impact assessment.

Exceptions under the Order are:
age-based concessions
age-related holidays
age verification
clubs and associations concessions
financial services
immigration
residential park homes
sport

These specific exceptions are in addition to:
general exceptions already allowed by the Act
positive action measures
‘objective justification’

There are no specific exceptions to the ban on age discrimination for health or social care services. This means that any age-based practices by the NHS and social care organisations need to be objectively justified, if challenged.

Public sector Equality Duty

The public sector Equality Duty came into force across Great Britain on 5 April 2011. It means that public bodies have to consider all individuals when carrying out their day-to-day work – in shaping policy, in delivering services and in relation to their own employees.

It also requires that public bodies have due regard to the need to:
eliminate discrimination
advance equality of opportunity
foster good relations between different people when carrying out their activities
Who the Equality Duty applies to

The Equality Duty applies across Great Britain to the public bodies listed in Schedule 19 (as amended) (see below), and to any other organisation when it is carrying out a public function.
Specific duties

The Equality Act 2010 (Specific Duties) Regulations 2011 came into force on 10 September 2011.

The specific duties require public bodies to publish relevant, proportionate information showing compliance with the Equality Duty, and to set equality objectives.
Guidance for public bodies

Policy paper

Equality Act 2010: Schedule 19 (consolidated) - April 2011

Section 149 of the Equality Act 2010, the public sector Equality Duty, applies to the public bodies listed in Schedule 19. Being listed in …
Published 24 June 2011

This was published under the 2010 to 2015 Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government

Documents

PDF, 122KB, 12 pages

This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology. Request an accessible format.
Details

Section 149 of the Equality Act 2010, the public sector Equality Duty, applies to the public bodies listed in Schedule 19. Being listed in the Schedule also means a Minister can impose specific duties on that body.

Schedule 19 contains a broad list of public bodies including, for example, central government departments, local authorities, the Armed forces and the key health, education, policing and transport bodies,
full listing below

19 Part 1 Public authorities: 
general
Ministers of the Crown and government departments
Armed forces
Broadcasting
Citizens' rights
Civil liberties
Court services and legal services
Criminal justice
Environment, housing and development
Health, social care and social security
Industry, business, finance etc.
Local government
Other educational bodies
Parliamentary and devolved bodies
Police
Regulators
Transport

that means that all public bodies like the nhs and the government, police and fire and military and local government organisations and staff are supposed to by law take into consideration and take steps to prevent, a derogatory or discriminatory effect on the peoples created directly or indirectly by the implementations of said policies or by any and all actions taken by them that have a "potential" negative and harmful effect on the rest of the populace or be held legally liable for prosecution (and they are), because the "rona scamdemic" policies have 100% done that to all of us and directly and negatively impacted your health, both mental and physical and well being and directly impacted upon your lives in a negative manner and has caused as a direct result the deaths of many old and vulnerable peoples in our society directly contravening these policies, and our rights human and inalienable ones #Fact

The prosecution rests

Prior to commencing the Equality Duty, the Government amended Schedule 19 to include some additional organisations. This document is a consolidated list incorporating the most recent amendments.

Date: Fri Jun 24 15:34:36 BST 2011
Full Document
Published 24 June 2011

The Government Equalities Office has published 2 quick-start guides to help public bodies understand the Equality Duty and the specific duties:

The Equality and Human Rights Commission is the statutory body established to help eliminate discrimination and reduce inequality. The Commission has published new non-statutory guidance on:

Devolution

Section 153 of the act enables the Welsh and Scottish ministers to impose specific duties on certain Welsh and Scottish public bodies through secondary legislation. For Welsh and cross-border Welsh public bodies, specific duties have been finalised by the Welsh Assembly government and came into force on 6 April 2011.
For Scottish public bodies, the Scottish government launched a consultation on revised draft Regulations for specific duties on 9 September 2011. The consultation closed on 25 November 2011.
Guidance on the Equality Duty specific to Wales and Scotland is available from the Equality and Human Rights Commission.
Equalities Act 2010: legislation
Equality Act 2010 on the legislation.gov.uk website
Explanatory notes on the legislation.gov.uk website
Legislation repealed or revoked by the Equality Act
A list of all legislation that was repealed or revoked on 1 October 2010 is available in Schedule 27 to the act.
Equality Act Statutory Instruments
Statutory Instruments made under the act are available:
all UK Statutory Instruments related to the Equality Act on the legislation.gov.uk website
all Welsh Statutory Instruments related to the Equality Act on the legislation.gov.uk website
all Scottish Statutory Instruments related to the Equality Act on the legislation.gov.uk website
Guidance on the Equality Act


Section 19

UK Public General Acts2010 c. 15 Part 11 Chapter 1Section 149

see 149 section 1(a) 8 (a+b) below

Public sector equality duty

(1)A public authority must, in the exercise of its functions, have due regard to the need to—

(a)eliminate discrimination, harassment, victimisation and any other conduct that is prohibited by or under this Act;
(b)advance equality of opportunity between persons who share a relevant protected characteristic and persons who do not share it;
(c)foster good relations between persons who share a relevant protected characteristic and persons who do not share it.

(2)A person who is not a public authority but who exercises public functions must, in the exercise of those functions, have due regard to the matters mentioned in subsection (1).

(3)Having due regard to the need to advance equality of opportunity between persons who share a relevant protected characteristic and persons who do not share it involves having due regard, in particular, to the need to

(a)remove or minimise disadvantages suffered by persons who share a relevant protected characteristic that are connected to that characteristic;
(b)take steps to meet the needs of persons who share a relevant protected characteristic that are different from the needs of persons who do not share it;
(c)encourage persons who share a relevant protected characteristic to participate in public life or in any other activity in which participation by such persons is disproportionately low.

(4)The steps involved in meeting the needs of disabled persons that are different from the needs of persons who are not disabled include, in particular, steps to take account of disabled persons' disabilities.

(5)Having due regard to the need to foster good relations between persons who share a relevant protected characteristic and persons who do not share it involves having due regard, in particular, to the need to

(a)tackle prejudice, and
(b)promote understanding.

(6)Compliance with the duties in this section may involve treating some persons more favourably than others; but that is not to be taken as permitting conduct that would otherwise be prohibited by or under this Act.

(7)The relevant protected characteristics are

age;
disability;
gender reassignment;
pregnancy and maternity;
race;
religion or belief;
sex;
sexual orientation.

(8)A reference to conduct that is prohibited by or under this Act includes a reference to

(a)a breach of an equality clause or rule;
(b)a breach of a non-discrimination rule.

(9)Schedule 18 (exceptions) has effect


109 Liability of employers and principals Government and crown

(1)Anything done by a person (A) in the course of A's employment must be treated as also done by the employer.

(2)Anything done by an agent for a principal, with the authority of the principal, must be treated as also done by the principal.

(3)It does not matter whether that thing is done with the employer's or principal's knowledge or approval.

(4)In proceedings against A's employer (B) in respect of anything alleged to have been done by A in the course of A's employment it is a defence for B to show that B took all reasonable steps to prevent A—

(a)from doing that thing, or
(b)from doing anything of that description.
(5)This section does not apply to offences under this Act (other than offences under Part 12 (disabled persons: transport)).

110Liability of employees and agents

(1)A person (A) contravenes this section if—
(a)A is an employee or agent,
(b)A does something which, by virtue of section 109(1) or (2), is treated as having been done by A's employer or principal (as the case may be), and
(c)the doing of that thing by A amounts to a contravention of this Act by the employer or principal (as the case may be).

(2)It does not matter whether, in any proceedings, the employer is found not to have contravened this Act by virtue of section 109(4).

(3)A does not contravene this section if—

(a)A relies on a statement by the employer or principal that doing that thing is not a contravention of this Act, and
(b)it is reasonable for A to do so.

(4)A person (B) commits an offence if B knowingly or recklessly makes a statement mentioned in subsection (3)(a) which is false or misleading in a material respect.

(5)A person guilty of an offence under subsection (4) is liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding level 5 on the standard scale.

Conclusion:

this means that all public bodies like the nhs and the government, police and fire and military and local government organisations and staff are supposed to by law take into consideration and take steps to prevent, a derogatory or discriminatory effect on the peoples created directly or indirectly by the implementations of said policies or by any and all actions taken by them, that have a "potential" negative and harmful effect on the rest of the populace or be held legally liable for prosecution (and they are), because the "rona scamdemic" policies have 100% done that to all of us and directly and negatively impacted your health, both mental and physical and well being and directly impacted upon your lives in a negative manner and has caused as a direct result the deaths of many old and vulnerable peoples in our society directly contravening these policies, and our rights human and inalienable ones #Fact

The prosecution rests

#You'reWelcome



Wednesday, September 23, 2020

Spain: Madrid activists succeed in preventing eviction of terminally ill...



#BravoMadrid

#WakeUp
#ItsAllFake
#ThereIsNoVirus
πŸ˜ˆπŸ’©πŸ‘Ž


Ruptly
Citizen activists have managed to stop the eviction of an 85-year-old man suffering from terminal cancer in Madrid. Footage from Wednesday shows a mobilization called by the Madrid Tenants' Union blocking police from entering the building in the Lavapies district. The old man, Francisco Rodriguez, commonly known as Paco, was also seen thanking the dozens of activists for their action from the house's balcony. According to local media, an investment fund linked to Francisco Franco's family bought the 50-square-meter house and refused to renew the tenant's contract despite his continued rent payments. The judicial committee responsible for the case has indefinitely postponed the eviction, taking into account the man's vulnerable circumstance.

1972 Missing Congressmen & Private Justin Burgwinkel - Missing Persons



#WakeUp

πŸ˜ˆπŸ’©πŸ‘Ž


Scary Mysteries

Ancient Floating City Found In Siberia?



#WakeUp

πŸ˜ˆπŸ’©πŸ‘Ž


Mystery History II

Neuralink


#WakeUp
#ItsAllFake
#ThereIsNoVirus
πŸ˜ˆπŸ’©πŸ‘Ž


WeTube
For more videos like this, please subscribe to the channel "Neuralink" on YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCLt4... For more information, please visit https://neuralink.com/

Austria: Government sued over COVID-19 outbreak at Austrian Ischgl ski r...



#WakeUp

#ItsAllFake

#ThereIsNoVirus

πŸ˜ˆπŸ’©πŸ‘Ž


Ruptly
A consumer rights group gave a press conference in Vienna on Wednesday to touch on several civil lawsuits filed against the Austrian government over a coronavirus outbreak at the ski resort of Ischgl last winter. "I think that the [Austrian] Chancellor [Sebastian] Kurz for the government and also the Governor of Tyrol, Mr Platter, should apologise by all the victims, spread all over Europe, infected with COVID-19 and they should offer compensation," VSV [Consumer Protection Association] chairman Peter Kolba stated, accusing the tourism industry of not acting fast enough, in order to keep the winter season running as long as possible. "People from over 45 countries were skiing in Tyrol, in particular in Ischgl. Out of these 6,000 people, 80 percent have since tested COVID positive. They all got infected in Tyrol and transported the virus with them," Kolba added, referring to allegations that tourists were forced to cram onto packed buses to leave the ski village as the sudden evacuation and quarantine orders were given. The consumer protection association (VSV) has initially filed four official liability suits in the Ischgl case at the Vienna Regional Court for civil law matters, with compensation fees reaching up to 20,000 euros [$23,344] for relatives of the tourists who died from coronavirus, as Consumer Protection Association lawyer Alexander Klauser pointed out.

Coronaviruses info list


Coronaviruses info list

#WakeUp
#ItsAllFake
#ThereIsNoVirus
πŸ˜ˆπŸ’©πŸ‘Ž


Coronaviruses are species of virus belonging to the subfamily Coronavirinae in the family Coronaviridae, in the order Nidovirales.[1][2] Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and with a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genomic size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases, the largest for an RNA virus.

The name "coronavirus" is derived from the Latin corona, meaning crown or halo, and refers to the characteristic appearance of virions under electron microscopy (E.M.) with a fringe of large, bulbous surface projections creating an image reminiscent of a royal crown or of the solar corona. This morphology is created by the viral spike (S) peplomers, which are proteins that populate the surface of the virus and determine host tropism.

Proteins that contribute to the overall structure of all coronaviruses are the spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M) and nucleocapsid (N). In the specific case of the SARS coronavirus (see below), a defined receptor-binding domain on S mediates the attachment of the virus to its cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2).[3] Some coronaviruses (specifically the members of Betacoronavirus subgroup A) also have a shorter spike-like protein called hemagglutinin esterase (HE).[1]

Contents

History

Coronaviruses were first described in the 1960s from the nasal cavities of patients with the common cold. These viruses were subsequently named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43.[4]
Diseases caused by coronaviruses

Coronaviruses primarily infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds. Six different currently known strains of coronaviruses infect humans. The much publicized human coronavirus, SARS-CoV which causes SARS, has a unique pathogenesis because it causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections.[5]

Coronaviruses are believed to cause a significant percentage of all common colds in human adults. Coronaviruses cause colds in humans primarily in the winter and early spring seasons. The significance and economic impact of coronaviruses as causative agents of the common cold are hard to assess because, unlike rhinoviruses (another common cold virus), human coronaviruses are difficult to grow in the laboratory. Coronaviruses can cause pneumonia, either direct viral pneumonia or a secondary bacterial pneumonia, and bronchitis, either direct viral bronchitis or a secondary bacterial bronchitis.[5]

In chickens, the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), a coronavirus, targets not only the respiratory tract but also the uro-genital tract. The virus can spread to different organs throughout the chicken.[6]

Coronaviruses also cause a range of diseases in farm animals and domesticated pets, some of which can be serious and are a threat to the farming industry. Economically significant coronaviruses of farm animals include porcine coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, TGE) and bovine coronavirus, which both result in diarrhea in young animals. Feline Coronavirus: two forms, Feline enteric coronavirus is a pathogen of minor clinical significance, but spontaneous mutation of this virus can result in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a disease associated with high mortality. Similarly, there are two types of coronavirus that infect ferrets: Ferret enteric coronavirus causes a gastrointestinal syndrome known as epizootic catarrhal enteritis (ECE), and a more lethal systemic version of the virus (like FIP in cats) known in ferrets as ferret systemic coronavirus (FSC).[7] There are two types of canine coronavirus (CCoV), one that causes mild gastrointestinal disease and one that has been found to cause respiratory disease. Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is a coronavirus that causes an epidemic murine illness with high mortality, especially among colonies of laboratory mice.[8]

Prior to the discovery of SARS-CoV, MHV had been the best-studied coronavirus both in vivo and in vitro as well as at the molecular level. Some strains of MHV cause a progressive demyelinating encephalitis in mice which has been used as a murine model for multiple sclerosis. Significant research efforts have been focused on elucidating the viral pathogenesis of these animal coronaviruses, especially by virologists interested in veterinary and zoonotic diseases.[9]
Replication
The infection cycle of coronavirus

Replication of Coronavirus begins with entry to the cell which takes place in the cytoplasm in a membrane-protected microenvironment. Upon entry to the cell the virus particle is uncoated and the RNA genome is deposited into the cytoplasm.

The Coronavirus genome has a 5’ methylated cap and a 3’polyadenylated tail. This allows the RNA to attach to ribosomes for translation.

Coronaviruses also have a protein known as a replicase encoded in its genome which allows the RNA viral genome to be transcribed into new RNA copies using the host cell's machinery. The replicase is the first protein to be made; once the gene encoding the replicase is translated, the translation is stopped by a stop codon. This is known as a nested transcript. When the mRNA transcript only encodes one gene, it is monocistronic. A coronavirus non-structural protein provides extra fidelity to replication because it confers a proofreading function,[10] which is lacking in RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzymes alone.

The RNA genome is replicated and a long polyprotein is formed, where all of the proteins are attached. Coronaviruses have a non-structural protein - a protease - which is able to separate the proteins in the chain. This is a form of genetic economy for the virus, allowing it to encode the greatest number of genes in a small number of nucleotides.[11]
Severe acute respiratory syndrome

In 2003, following the outbreak of Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) which had begun the prior year in Asia, and secondary cases elsewhere in the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued a press release stating that a novel coronavirus identified by a number of laboratories was the causative agent for SARS. The virus was officially named the SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV).

The epidemic resulted in over 8,000 infections, about 10% of which resulted in death.[3] X-ray crystallography studies performed at the Advanced Light Source of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have begun to give hope of a vaccine against the disease "since [the spike protein] appears to be recognized by the immune system of the host."[12]
Novel human coronaviruses

Following the high-profile publicity of SARS outbreaks, there has been a renewed interest in coronaviruses among virologists. For many years, scientists knew about only two human coronaviruses (HCoV-229E and HCoV-OC43). The discovery of SARS-CoV added a third human coronavirus.

By the end of 2004, three independent research labs reported the discovery of a fourth human coronavirus. It has been named NL63, NL, and the New Haven coronavirus by different research groups.[13] The three labs are still arguing over which one discovered the virus first and has the right to name it.

Early in 2005, a research team at the University of Hong Kong reported finding a fifth human coronavirus in two patients with pneumonia. They named it Human coronavirus HKU1.

In September 2012, a sixth new type of coronavirus was identified, initially called Novel Coronavirus 2012, and now officially Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) [14][15]

The World Health Organisation accordingly issued a global alert[16] The WHO update on 28 September 2012 said that the virus did not seem to pass easily from person to person.[17] However, on May 12, 2013, a case of contamination from human to human in France was confirmed by the French Ministry of Social Affairs and Health.[18] In addition, cases of person-to-person transmission have been reported by the Ministry of Health in Tunisia. Two confirmed cases seem to have caught the disease from their late father, who became ill after a visit to Qatar and Saudi Arabia.

By Oct. 30 2013, there were 124 cases and 52 deaths in Saudi Arabia.[19] After the Dutch Erasmus Medical Centre sequenced the virus, the virus was given a new name, Human Corona Virus-Erasmus Medical Centre (HCoV-EMC). The final name for the virus is Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV).

In May 2015, an outbreak of MERS-CoV occurred in the Republic of Korea, when a man who had traveled to the Middle East, visited 4 different hospitals in the Seoul area to treat his illness. This caused one of the largest outbreaks of MERS-CoV outside of the Middle East.[20]
Listing of human coronaviruses
Human Coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63, New Haven coronavirus)
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), previously known as Novel coronavirus 2012 and HCoV-EMC. see also here.
In veterinary medicine

Coronaviruses have been recognized as causing pathological conditions in veterinary medicine since the early 1970s. Except for avian infectious bronchitis, the major related diseases have mainly an intestinal location.
Listing of coronaviruses in domestic animals

(listed following their estimated economical importance)
Porcine coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus of pigs, TGEV).
Bovine coronavirus (BCV), responsible for severe profuse enteritis in of young calves.
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) causes mild enteritis in cats as well as severe Feline infectious peritonitis (other variants of the same virus).
the two types of canine coronavirus (CCoV) (one causing enteritis, the other found in respiratory diseases).
Turkey coronavirus (TCV) causes enteritis in turkeys.
Ferret enteric coronavirus causes epizootic catarrhal enteritis in ferrets.
Ferret systemic coronavirus causes FIP-like systemic syndrome in ferrets.[21]

Another new veterinary disease, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, has emerged around the world. Its economic importance is as yet unclear, but shows high mortality in piglets.
Taxonomy
Genus: Alphacoronavirus; type species: Alphacoronavirus 1
Genus Betacoronavirus; type species: Murine coronavirus
Genus Gammacoronavirus; type species: Avian coronavirus
Evolution

The most recent common ancestor of the coronavirus has been placed at 8,000 years BC.[22] They may be considerably older than this.

Another estimate places the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all coronaviruses ~8100 BC.[23] The MRCA of Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus, Gammacoronavirus, and Deltacoronavirus have been placed at ~2400 BC, ~3300 BC, ~2800 BC and ~3000 BC, respectively. It appears that bats and birds, the warm blooded flying vertebrates, are ideal hosts for the coronavirus gene source with bats for Alphacoronavirus and Betacoronavirus and birds for Gammacoronavirus and Deltacoronavirus, to fuel coronavirus evolution and dissemination.

Bovine coronavirus and canine respiratory coronavirus diverged from a common ancestor in 1951.[24] Bovine coronavirus and human coronavirus OC43 diverged in 1899. Bovine coronavirus diverged from the equine coronavirus species at the end of the 18th century.

Another estimate suggests that human coronavirus OC43 diverged from bovine coronavirus in 1890.[25]

The MRCA of human coronavirus OC43 has been dated to the 1950s.[26]

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus although related to several bat species appears to have diverged from these several centuries ago.[27]

The most closely related bat coronovirus and the SARS coronavirus diverged in 1986.[28]

A path of evolution of the SARS virus and keen relationship with bats have been proposed.[29][30] The authors suggest that the coronaviruses have been coevolved with bats for a long time and the ancestors of SARS virus first infected the species of the genus Hipposideridae, subsequently spread to species of the Rhinolophidae and then to civets and finally to humans.

Alpaca coronavirus and human coronavirus 229E diverged before 1960.[31]

The human coronavirus NL63 and a bat coronovirus shared an MRCA 563 to 822 years ago.[32]
See also

References

^ a b de Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric R, Enjuanes L, Gorbalenya AE, Holmes KV, Perlman S, Poon L, Rottier PJ, Talbot PJ, Woo PC, Ziebuhr J (2011). "Family Coronaviridae". In AMQ King, E Lefkowitz, MJ Adams, EB Carstens. Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Elsevier, Oxford. pp. 806–828. ISBN 978-0-12-384684-6.
^ International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (24 August 2010). "ICTV Master Species List 2009 – v10" (xls).
^ a b Li F, Li W, Farzan M, Harrison SC (September 2005). "Structure of SARS coronavirus spike receptor-binding domain complexed with receptor". Science. 309 (5742): 1864–8. doi:10.1126/science.1116480. PMID 16166518.
^ a b Forgie S, Marrie TJ (2009). "Healthcare-associated atypical pneumonia". Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 30 (1): 67–85. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1119811. PMID 19199189.
^ Bande F, Arshad SS, Bejo MH, Moeini H, Omar AR (2015). "Progress and challenges toward the development of vaccines against avian infectious bronchitis". Journal of Immunology Research. 2015: 424860. doi:10.1155/2015/424860. PMC 4411447. PMID 25954763.
^ Jerry Murray, DVM (16 April 2014). "What's New With Ferret FIP-like Disease?" (xls).
^ Weiss SR, Navas-Martin S (2005). "Coronavirus pathogenesis and the emerging pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews : MMBR. 69 (4): 635–64. doi:10.1128/MMBR.69.4.635-664.2005. PMC 1306801. PMID 16339739.
^ Tirotta E, Carbajal KS, Schaumburg CS, Whitman L, Lane TE (2010). "Cell replacement therapies to promote remyelination in a viral model of demyelination". Journal of Neuroimmunology. 224 (1–2): 101–7. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.05.013. PMC 2919340. PMID 20627412.
^ Sexton, Nicole R.; Smith, Everett Clinton; Blanc, HervΓ©; Vignuzzi, Marco; Peersen, Olve B.; Denison, Mark R.; Perlman, S. (2016). "Homology-Based Identification of a Mutation in the Coronavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase That Confers Resistance to Multiple Mutagens". Journal of Virology. 90 (16): 7415–7428. doi:10.1128/JVI.00080-16. ISSN 0022-538X.
^ Fehr AR, Perlman S (2015). "Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis". Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 1282: 1–23. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1. PMC 4369385. PMID 25720466.
^ "Learning How SARS Spikes Its Quarry". Press Release PR-HHMI-05-4. Chevy Chase, MD: Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Retrieved September 16, 2005.
^ van der Hoek L; Pyrc; Jebbink; et al. (April 2004). "Identification of a new human coronavirus". Nature Medicine. 10 (4): 368–73. doi:10.1038/nm1024. PMID 15034574.
^ Doucleef, Michaeleen (26 September 2012). "Scientists Go Deep On Genes Of SARS-Like Virus". Associated Press. Retrieved 27 September 2012.
^ Falco, Miriam (24 September 2012). "New SARS-like virus poses medical mystery". CNN Health. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
^ "New SARS-like virus found in Middle East". Al-Jazeera. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
^ Kelland, Kate (28 September 2012). "New virus not spreading easily between people: WHO". Reuters. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
^ Nouveau coronavirus - Point de situation : Un nouveau cas d’infection confirmΓ© (Novel coronavirus - Status report: A new case of confirmed infection) May 12, 2013 social-sante.gouv.fr
^ "Novel coronavirus infection - update". World Health Association. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
^ Wertheim, JO; Chu, DK; Peiris, JS; Kosakovsky Pond, SL; Poon, LL (2013). "A case for the ancient origin of coronaviruses". J Virol. 87 (12): 7039–7045. doi:10.1128/JVI.03273-12. PMC 3676139. PMID 23596293.
^ Bidokhti, MR; TrΓ₯vΓ©n, M; Krishna, NK; Munir, M; BelΓ‘k, S; Alenius, S; Cortey, M (2013). "Evolutionary dynamics of bovine coronaviruses: natural selection pattern of the spike gene implies adaptive evolution of the strains". J Gen Virol. 94 (9): 2036–2049. doi:10.1099/vir.0.054940-0.
^ Vijgen, L; Keyaerts, E; MoΓ«s, E; Thoelen, I; Wollants, E; Lemey, P; Vandamme, AM; Van Ranst, M (2005). "Complete genomic sequence of human coronavirus OC43: molecular clock analysis suggests a relatively recent zoonotic coronavirus transmission event". J Virol. 79 (3): 1595–1604. doi:10.1128/jvi.79.3.1595-1604.2005. PMC 544107. PMID 15650185.
^ Vijaykrishna, D; Smith, GJ; Zhang, JX; Peiris, JS; Chen, H; Guan, Y (2007). "Evolutionary insights into the ecology of coronaviruses". J Virol. 81 (8): 4012–4020. doi:10.1128/jvi.02605-06. PMC 1866124. PMID 17267506.
^ Gouilh, MA; Puechmaille, SJ; Gonzalez, JP; Teeling, E; Kittayapong, P; Manuguerra, JC (2011). "SARS-Coronavirus ancestor's foot-prints in South-East Asian bat colonies and the refuge theory". Infect Genet Evol. 11 (7): 1690–702. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2011.06.021. PMID 21763784.
^ Cui J, Han N, Streicker D, Li G, Tang X, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhao G, Fontanet A, Guan Y, Wang L, Jones G, Field HE, Daszak P, Zhang S; Han; Streicker; Li; Tang; Shi; Hu; Zhao; Fontanet; Guan; Wang; Jones; Field; Daszak; Zhang (Oct 2007). "Evolutionary relationships between bat coronaviruses and their hosts". Emerg. Infect. Dis. 13 (10): 1526–32. doi:10.3201/eid1310.070448. PMC 2851503. PMID 18258002.
^ Crossley, BM; Mock, RE; Callison, SA; Hietala, SK (2012). "Identification and characterization of a novel alpaca respiratory coronavirus most closely related to the human coronavirus 229E". Viruses. 4 (12): 3689–3700. doi:10.3390/v4123689.
^ Huynh, J; Li, S; Yount, B; Smith, A; Sturges, L; Olsen, JC; Nagel, J; Johnson, JB; Agnihothram, S; et al. (2012). "Evidence supporting a zoonotic origin of human coronavirus strain NL63". J Virol. 86 (23): 12816–25. doi:10.1128/JVI.00906-12. PMC 3497669. PMID 22993147.
External links
World Health Organization (2013). "Coronavirus". East Mediterr Health J. 19 (Suppl 1).
Laude H, Rasschaert D, Delmas B, Godet M, Gelfi J, Charley B; Rasschaert; Delmas; Godet; Gelfi; Charley (June 1990). "Molecular biology of transmissible gastroenteritis virus". Veterinary Microbiology. 23 (1–4): 147–54. doi:10.1016/0378-1135(90)90144-K. PMID 2169670.
Sola I, Alonso S, ZΓΊΓ±iga S, Balasch M, Plana-DurΓ‘n J, Enjuanes L; Alonso; ZΓΊΓ±iga; Balasch; Plana-DurΓ‘n; Enjuanes (April 2003). "Engineering the transmissible gastroenteritis virus genome as an expression vector inducing lactogenic immunity". Journal of Virology. 77 (7): 4357–69. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.7.4357-4369.2003. PMC 150661. PMID 12634392.
Tajima M (1970). "Morphology of transmissible gastroenteritis virus of pigs. A possible member of coronaviruses. Brief report". Archiv fΓΌr die gesamte Virusforschung. 29 (1): 105–8. doi:10.1007/BF01253886. PMID 4195092.
German Research Foundation (Coronavirus Consortium)




Coronavirus


Drugs 

Pleconaril (experimental)

























Labels

https://ediobangers.blogspot.com/ AKA The Hidden Techno OG link

https://feeds.feedburner.com/blogspot/stoypm