BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION (RADIO-WAVES AND MICROWAVES) EURASIAN COMMUNIST COUNTRIES
original file in link above
DEFENSE INTELLIGENCE Agency
PREPARED BY U.S. ARMY
MEDICAL INTELLIGENCE AND
INFORMATION AGENCY
OFFICE Of THE SURGEON GENERAL
Jb:lloDalcJ.' L. Adams
Dr. B.. A. Will :h•!'
DIA TASK Fl-181o-D2-75 ..•.
PUBLICATION
.March 1976
'Informational Cut-off Date
10 October 197.5
Suppression Notice
This document supersede ST-cs-01-74-74. dated march 1974· . . . . . . . . . .
This is a Department of Defense IDtelligence Docume< preparecl by the
US Army Medical Intelligence and· Information Ag_ency and approved by the
Directorate for Scientific and Technical Intelligence of the Defense
IDtelligence Aaency.. · • · . ·
CLASSU'tEp BY. DIA-DT
EXEMPT PROM GENERAL DECI.ASSIFICATIOB
SCHEDULE OF .iuCUTIVB 01tDER U6.52
D!:MPTION CATEGOllY 1. 2. 3
DECLASSIFIED UPOI NOTIFICATION BY THE ORIGINATOR
· . I The purpose of this review is to provide iuformation necessary to . = . : ·~ ·
·ass~s·human vulnerability. protection materials. and methods applicable_··:·.·.
to mili.tary·. operatiOns.· The study provides 811 :l:asi&'bt oa tbe current . .· :·· :.:
research capabilities of these countries. Information oa treads is ·· · · ·
presented when feasible ~ supportable
:The study discusses the biological effects-of electromagnetic radiation in the rad:to- aDCl microwave ranges i.up through 300.000 megahertz). .
It :1.s not within the .realm of this study to provi•e detailed descriptions
of -every laboratory experiment:. Such clata bave been purpoSely oinitted in
favor of an analytiCal approacb •. Au attempt has kea. m.ade to ideut.ify the
'principal areas o~r~earch and to discuss tAe sigRificance of experimental·
results.The information reported :i.n this Study· has beeD drawn from 8Ci8Dtif~c,
mecl:ical, and military journals •. intelliguce reportts, magazin.es. aews · itelb,
'hooks. and other publicatioaa. 7he information cu.t-ciff dat:e for this study
was 1 October 1975. . . · ·
(U) ·Constructive crit:icism, ~omments or suiaested changes are encouraged.
and should 'be fozwarded to the Defease htelliaeuce AaeDCY (A'l'TR: M-lA).
VasbiDg_"ton. DC 203Ql
:111
(Beverae Blaak)
UNCLASSIFIED . .
TABLE OF CONTENTS
...... ., .. .. ::·
DST-1810$-074-76
March 1976
Paae NO.
Preface ----------------------------------------------~--------- 111
Summary ---------------------------------------------------------- vil
SECTION· I -INTRODUCTION----------------------------------------- 1
SECTION II - BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF -BADIOWA~ AHD MICROWAVES 3
PART 1 - Blood ------------------------ 3
PART 2 - Cardiovascular System ---------------- 5
PART 3 . - Cells ----------------- -------------- 7
PART 4 -Central Nervous System------------ 8
PART 5 - Digestive System ------------------------- • 10
PART 6 - Glands --------------------- 11
PART 7 -Metabolism------------------------------ '12
PART 8 - lleproduction --------------·----- 13
PART 9 - Visual Systems ----··------- 14
PART 10 - Internal. SoUDd Perception ------------ 15
SECTION III - MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS ------- 17
SECTION IV - DISCUSSION OF llESEARCB METHODOLOGIES ---------- 21
SECTION V - SAFETY PUCAUTIONS AND STANDAIUlS - · --- ----- 2l
SECTION. V'i -TRENDS, CONCLUSIONS, AND FORECAST------- 25
SECTION VII - INFORMATION GAPS ---------------- 29
Data HandJ,ing -------------------------------- 31
Distribution List _____ ,:,________________ 33
v
(Reverse Blank)
tJNCIMSIFIED
(U) 7he thel:WU effects '?f eiect.ro~e-tle~:~i~tiou. have beeu reasonably .....
"well established through experimental investigatiOR. · The nonthermal effects~ ·
however. remaiu a controversial issue 'between scieatists in t.l:le .west and 1D.:
the Eurasian Communist c~u:atries. ·.The difficulties tmcounterecl.i~ ccmclu- ·. ,:·
sively 4emoustrating the nonthe~l effects of electromagneti~ exposure are
likely responsible"for differences iD exposure standards; soma stanaarcls are.
based largely em the clemonstrable t~rma,l ~ffeccs~ while oth~rs allow for
·possible nontbermal. e~~e~ts at sub thermal ~teus:ld.es •.
(U) "'Ihe Eurasian Co~unist countries are activ~ly ·involved in .evaiuaticm
of. the biological siguificauce of racliowaves and microwaves. Most of the
research beiug couducted involves aAimals or ~-vitro evaluations, but
active programs pf a retrospective nat~re·desigaed to elucidate. the effects
oo. humans are also beiag conducted. The 111&jor systems, system components,
or processes curreutly under study include the blood,'tbe car41ovascular
system. cells, the ceutral nervous system, the digesFive system, the
glandu1ar system, metabolic effects, and the reproductive aucl the visual
sys~ems. Other aspects o~ exposure are also being stuclied, but the limited
number of reports uncovered makes assessment of the importance. placed upon .
this research impossible. These lesser rep~rted research areas includ.e
nonthe:cJDfll effects, immunological studies. and use of racliowaves for·
functional control of oraan systems. -· '· ·. .. . . . . . ' ! Ro unusual 'devices or. measures for protection from radiowave exposure
were noted. 'but a continu~d stress upon persoonel protection in occupad-OD.al·-situations
was ·apparent. Here. ·protective aosgles and clothing are
. recOIUIDeuded wheu working in regions of microwave radiation: Although some
cl1ffereuces iD standards remain between the various Commuui.St countries
and between military and civi'lian standards. the Communist standards r~in
much more. striugeut than those of the West. 1m exception to this m:ay be
Pol.aucl where a recent relaxatiozl of .their standards has occurred. This i.s
the first sigp.ificant shift of au East Europeu country away from the
standard first set by the USSJ. iu 1958 •
.
; If the more· aclvaucecl nati.cms of the West are strict in the enforcement
of stringent exposure standard~. there coUld be unfavorable effects on industrial"output
aud military "functions. The Eurasian C~nist countries
coul.d, on. the other baud, cive lip service to strict standards, but allow
their militar,y to operate without restriction and thereby gain the advantage
in electrfmic warfare techniq•s and the development of autipersO'DDel
applications •
TI1c .ttential ·for the developmt!nt of .i .. ,,mlu!r of •mtipersonnel
applications is sug~t.~sted by. the research amhlished in tbe 1'SSH. ~st Europe,
and the Wt>Ht. · Sounds and possibly even wclrt!:; which 01ppcar to be originating
intracranially can be induced by signal modulation at very lnw averagepower
densities.
Combinations of frequencies ·and other signal characteristic~ to produce other
neurological effects may be feasible in several years. The possibility of.
inducing metabolic diseases is also su~gested. An~mal experiments reported
in the open literature have demonstrated the use of low-lcv~l microwave
signals to produce death by heart seizure or by neurological pathologies
resulting from breaching of the blood-brain barrier.
(U) As may be expected. the bulk of the research being done in this area
is in the USSR. However, a notable volume is also being produced by Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Rumania, and Hungary.
. . Western scientists who have followed the Soviet researt:h efforts on the
biological effects of·microwaves have expr~ssed a variety of reactions ranging
from.disbelief to passive acceptance. The overall impar.t of current
Soviet wotk is not overly significant, at least on their civilian sector.
One possible exception may be their studies of the central nervous syst~m
where some interesting work is being done. Elsewhere, most of their work
tends to be outdated, some of their experiments cannot be duplicated ... and
others are of doubtful credibility. No real new developments or fresh
.approaches have been identified. Nevertheless, a large volume of material
·Continues.tg be published on the effects of radiowaves and microwaves on biological
systems, indicating a fairly high degree of interest and a ienuine
desire to pursue these investigations. No significant research and development
has been identified that could be related to work in this field in
the People's Republic of China, North Korea,. and North Viet:naa."
viii
INTRODUCTION
DST-18105-074-76
March 1976
(U) The effects of radiowaves and microwaves em bi-ological systems have
traditionally beaD separated into two basic classificatioas. (1) thermal
effects, and (2) Don thermal effects. The thermal effects are widely rec- . ognized and the mechanism of action reasonably well understood. Noathermal
effects,· however, are controversial since the mechanisms 1Dvolve4 are aot ·
clearly understood. Soviet and East European scientists believe that biological
side-effects occur at power densit~es that are too low to prCNluce
obvious thermal effects. Such effects have baeD ~uestioaed 1n the West
because experimental evidence. obtaiDed laraely ia US lahoratoriu,· does
Dot corroborate occuireoce of uonthermal aide-effects.
(U) Divergences ill opinion l:»etween Bloc cui WesterD researchers concerDin&
the effects of microwave radiation are the result of uoastaDdardized research
protocols and materials. 1u addition, mechanisms uaderlyiAg o'bservefl biological
effects are at present poorly uo4erstood by aay of the vorl•'• ·
scientists engaged in microwave research. The exchange of scientific s.afor111Ation
on microwave huards bas increased greatly since the active participation
of Soviet, Czechosl~ak, and Polish scientists in the laternatioaal
Symposium on Biological Effects ancl Health Bazarcls of Microwave Radiation
.1n Warsaw ill October 1973.
(U) It is uow generally agreed that biological systems irradiated vith
electromagnetic waves in the racliowave and microwave frequency ranges (cm.e
kilohertz to more that 105. megahertz) absorb varyin& amounts of energy
depending on the irradiation frequencies and the physical properties of
the syste'llf. Typically, however, 4G-SO perc&Dt of the iacideat enes-o i.s
absorbed by the biological system aod the remaiDaer reflec~ed. In reality,
only the shorter wavelengths represtmt aay appreciable hazard as a result
of thermal heating. Badiation fields 1a the mi~rowave ra&e vary :I..D wavelength
frQJP about one meter to very short wavele11gths on the order of a
1Dillimeter. The clepth of penetration of the waves is also variable GDd
again depends em the frequency, ·wave polarization, and the physical properties
of the system (i.e., dielectric aa4 ceometric), but typical penetrations
are on the order of 1/10 of the wavelength. Therefore, very short
waves are absorbed primarUy by the sld.u, while long wavelengths peDetrate
to much greater depths.
(U) The clegree of beating appears to be a function of the water eonteut
of the tissue and probably results from os~illations of water molecules or
clipoles. .tnother possibility is a resot:Umce absorption of mergy by prc.-
tein 1110lecules of the cell. As lliaht be expected, the actual damages
resulting from a &iveu exposure are functiODS of the thermal regulatory
and active adapta~ion processes of the orgao or animal.· Less vascularized
tissues are more .. susceptible to thermal damage because of a poorer ability
to dissipate the beat, therefore, crystalline lens damage or cataract
formation may be observed.
(U) Many techniques and indices have been employed to study the effects
of irradiation on biological ay:.tems. These iuclud~:
Body weight.
· Biochemical st~dies.
Cardiovascular studies.
CNS effects (including·conditioned aDd uncoaditloaed reflexes).
Electrophysiological measurements.
Fertility and uutation studies.
Histology and pathology studies •.
Metabolic studies.
Temperature.
While these and other exparimental studies have been conducted on animal
and cellular models, knowledge regarding human exposure bas ben alJDost
exclusively obtained retrospectively. Accordingly, information regarding
the amount and/or portion of the body exposed, field iutensities, aad
duration of exposure are usually ill defined.
(U) As cao be seen from the above, quantitation of the biological responses
to electromagnetic exposure is a very complex problem \lecause of the wide
frequency spectrum, the large number of physical and biological variables,
and the interrelationships of those variables. Factors requiriag coasideration
include the frequency, intensity, waveform, (pv.lsed, CW, or aodulated)
configuration of the body, its orientation with respect to the
source,·portion of the body irradiated, exposure time-iateusity factors,
environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, and air currents), and
shielding. Other complicatiua factors tDclv.de the subject's state of health
and previous or concomitant medication. ln addition to the above factors, ·
the animal species used and its comparative relation to man is important.
Accordingly, experimental resul~s from animals cannot easily be extrapolated
and assumed to apply to human exposure because of size differences
relative to exposure wavelength which can markedly tnfluence the system
or organ bein& damaged.
(U) With these complicating factors in mind, the evaluation contained in
this report was undertaken. The data presented were obtained from the
sources outlined in the preface and sometimes contained insufficient information
to aake absolute decisions regardiuc their siznif1C8Dce. The sources
were, howMer, indicative of the types of effects 'being reported and suggested
those areas of researCh being emphasized, thereby permittin& assessment
of recent Eurasian Communist attempts to define the biological effects
of radiowaves and 1Dicrowavea.
2
UNCLASSI FlED
DST-lSlOS-074-76
March 19.76
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF J.W.)IOWAVES .AND _MICROWAVES
PART 1 - BLOOD
(U) Effects of electromasnetic irradiation on the blood inclu~e biochemical
variations, effects on QT,ytbrocytes, Changes iD coagulation, ·
and alterations in the blood forming system. As would be expected,
most cODIIlunist country reports originate' from.~ v:l.tro orB!,~
animal experiments rather than from hUIIUUl data. ·
(U) Long-term ultrahigh frequency (VHF) exposure in rats reportedly
reduced the iron and copper content in both the blood aad muscle with
a concomitant increase in iron content in the liver.' Similar expoa\lre
in chicks caused an increase in total proteins and glob¥11118, but decreased
the albumin in the plasma. Rats exposed to 0. 04 W/ c:m2 for 25
days demonstrated similar shifts. Ill some stt.Kties with clogs, irraiiation
w:l.th microwaves sipificantly decreased the lifetime of erythrocytes, while
other studies indicated no changes in the aranulocytic system after exposure. In the lymphocytic system. however, mitotic disturbances.and changes of
nuclear structure occurred. Babbits exposed to "an electromapetic field"
showed significant increases in the number of aonocytes, basophile, aDd
lymphocytes/mm. Although undesirable, these shifts are not significaut
enough to impair the functional performance of humans. However, they are
sisnificant euough to warrant further ezperimeutatioa. Soviet researcbers
will emphasize more experiments with auiaals aad they will conti.lillle to try
and relate these experiments to data on human exposure to microwave environments:
They will aost likely work toward relatiD& such chaaaee iu
different species of animals to particular iuteusities or exposures.
(U) One study involved the observation of several thousand persoas working
in mict:owave-irradiatecl workshops, as well as animal experimeuts. lu the
human subjects, three kinds of ,.damage were foun4:
(1) Lymphocytosis 8Dd moDocytoais.
(2) Granulocytopeuia, 110nocytosis, and eosiuopbilia
frequently accompanied by absolute lymphocytosis.
(3) Moclerate neutrophilia.
The degree of changes 1u the blood coUlcl be correlated with exposure and/or
duration of working period. This determination was based on the relative
changes q. a function of period of employmeDt, which was felt to 1Dclicate 41
cumulative effect of Dicrowaves ill the huma&l bo4y. The type and iuteusity
of the exposure vas not documented.
3
tJNCLASSIFIED
DST-lSlOS-074-76
March 1976
tN:J.ASSIFIED
------~-·-· ---------------------~t=l
'--
(U) Blood coagulation indices of dogs subjected to high inteasity superhigh
frequency fields were studied at intervals of ten minutes to thirty
days after irradiation. Initially the coagulation time was prolonged. but
two hours after irradiation it was accelerated as a result of protective
compensatory changes in neurohumoral factors. The protective reactioa
was. however, of abort duration• the irradiation-induced prolongatioa of
coagulation time reappeared and the animals' c:lottiug times ~id Dot
return to normal until at .least fifteen days after exposure. .Another
study showed that long-term exposure to microwaves at a power density of
lOmW/~ decreased the overall activity of'butyryleholiDesterase iD the
blood serum of rats. Vader conditioas of whole-body u;posure, the 11icrowaves
did not exert a consistent effect on the enzyme aolecule. 7be
decrease in the overall activity of butyrylcholiaesterase was correlated
with a decrease in its concentration in the blood of the i.rracliated
animals.
(U) The action of microwaves on human erythrocyte permeability to potassium
and sodium i.ons was also investigated. The mechanism of actioa appears
to be an 11ahibitioa of active traasport and an alterecl diffusioA
through the pores 1n the membrane. The latter may be caused by the
influence of UBF eD.er&Y on the membraae itself or oa the ilydrated soclium
cation and potassium cation. The microwaves either chaage the· ...aJ>raae
structure thereby increasiag the passive sodium cation 8Dd potassium
cation diffusion and reduciaa the coaceutratiOD aracli•t• or aomelaow
block the mechanism of active ion transport.
(U) The question of stability of microwave-induced charaaes ill blood components
was addressed in chronic and acute tests using dogs and rabbits.
The irradiation was at a frequency of 2375 MH% with a field atreagtb of
thirty aicrowatts per square centtmeter. The rabbits were subjected to
between one and ten irradiations of sixty minutes duraticm each, aatt the
doss were subjected to repeated irradiations over a period of .ore than
a year. The changes in the blood and marrow of rabbits were found to be
unstable and to pass after a period of five to ten days. Chanaes observed
in the chronically exposed dogs were more stable, but became DOrmalized.
over a period of twenty-five days. Investigation of chronic microwave
irradiation on the blood-formin& system of &Uinea pigs aod rabbits was
also reviewed. Both continuous vave ~CW) ad pulsed aicrowaves were
utilized at au intensity of 3. S .W/cm au.d a vavela&th of 10 em. Increases
in absolute lymphocyte counts in peripheral blood, abnormalities
in nuclear structure, ad mitosis 1D the erythroblastic cell aeries 1D the
bone aarrow and in l.Jmphoicl cells :lD lymph Dodes and spleen were obs~rvecl.
'l'he chanaes 4appeared to be a cumulative result of repeated irradiatioas
and were attributed to Donthermal effects. There 1s limited evicleace to
support the belief that these cumulative effects are reversible upon
cessation of exposure. It is still Dot quite clear f.f similar results
could be observed iD blJJ181is since vide apec1as-variatious have been
observed by Soviet researchers vorkina with animals.
4
DST-1810S-G74-76
March 1976
(lJ) · The primary ·.concern of the present study was with electromagnetic
fiel~ effects, but numerous reports regarding the effects of constant
magnetic fields on the blood system were noted during the review. As ~th
electromagnetic effects, effects on coagulation .. biochemical propert.:Lu, .
and formed elements were observed.
(U) To summarize the effects of electromagnetic radiatioa exposure OD the
blood, the following ge11eral chan&es emerge although conflictiq reports
are also present:
(1) General decrease 1D hemoglobin contaat.
(2) Generally reduced.coagulation times.
(3) Decrease in leucocyte couat.
These findings are based largely on animal exparimemtatioa. While Mtrimental
in themselves, the extent of these chamges would not be expectecl
to be great enough to materially affect aa individual's performance or
general health, especially uoder stress conditions, Where other factors
such as physiological protective respoQSe& would be far .ore important.
PART 2 - CARDIOVASCULAll SYSTIK
(U) Heavy emphasis has been placed on iDvestigatioas 1nvolv1Rg electromasnetic
radiation on the cardiovascular system. Effects oo bemodyaamics include
blood pressure variations ancl cardiac arrhythmias. Also included are
reports of a slowdown of intraventricular and intra-atrial coo4uct1oo,
diffuse cardiac muscular changes, 8DCl ventricular extrasystole. M with
other effects, animal studies are frequently reported and human reports
are typically retrospective in nature. Many of the variations noted on
the cardiOvascular system result from central nervous system effects.
(U) Several reports concerntaa human cardiovaScular effects from superhigh
frequency exposure were reviewed. Functional chaDges were noted,
including .a slight increase :1n the asynchronous contraction phase, a
tension period, as well as other data indicative of mollerate dystrophic
changes of the myocardium accompanied by a disruption of :1ts contractive
capacity.
(U) Comp•rison of a group of engineers and administrative officials vbo
were exposed to microwaves for a period of years and an unexposed control
&roup revealed a &i&Qificantly higher incidence of coronary disease,
hypertension, and disturbances of lipid metabolism among the exposed
:1ndividuals. Hereditary predisposition to lleart disease vas approximately
the same 11r both groups • but overt clisorders developed much more frequently
in the previously exposed &TOUp. It was coocluded that aicrowaves •Y act
as a nonspecific factor which, under certain conditions, interferes vith
adaptation to unfavorable influences. Exposure may, therefore, promote an
earlier onset of cardiovascular disease iD susceptible individuals.
(U) B~mod}rnamic. i~dic~s fo~ tht~ty men:~ ··the .25~40 .year ag~ ·r~g~ ~h~· ·~· :.:./.·<·
had been exposed to UHF exposures for from two to ten years were studied •.... '· ·.
(lltese m~n showed a: tendenc~· .to bradycardia·~"moderate decrease i~ the · ··:·. :··.:-:."~::.<·:·,
stroke and minute volumes, and a s~owing of ·th~ rate of b;Lood eJect~ . ·.' ':.
from the left ventricle. · Arterial pressure was essentially DOrmal,· · but a .: ; . · .
. compensatory cons trictioa of the precapill.ary .. bed was aoted ·.1a response : ·, .. ·
to the decrease in cardiac· ejection. There was also aa increase in the . ·
tone pf the large arter.ies. ·. ElC.G chaD&es :l.n41Cata4 aa iatesu~ifLcatiOil · ··; · ~···
of vagotonic influences on the heart; possible fluct\l&tioDS ill the . ,.
potassium-sodium balance were also postulated. . lD a. similar ~tudy' 1t
was •conc;luded that hemodynamic: changes. resulted from disturbances oc:c~rriag
:1D the structural azul functional s.tate of ~ regula~:I.Da system. · : . . . .... . . . ... ·.- . . . .
(U) M~~h~l~gic:ai changes :1D experimellt·~ dee e.Xposecl.to short aDCI ultra-
•ahort wavelengths were observed. Two series of experiments were conducted
using 14.9 MJiz and 69.7 MBz waves. Xn the first ae»ies, twelve animals
were subjected to single lethal doses of the electromagnetic radiation.
V~ry pronounced vascular dystrophic chauaes·were.found throughout the
organism. In the second series, 37 mice were aiven daily 6D-minute ex- .. posures to nonthermal intensities for five mouths. Morphological studies
of these animals showed .ali&ht vascular· di.sorders and CQil}.PeDSatory proliferative
"processes :ln the intemal orgazLS as well as dystrophic changes· in
br&in· cells. · . . . . • • ~ ~ .. ·• • '1 ··l ... ' . :. • .• " • . . : ·~· ·:
· (11) :tn a group of ·patients suffering from "radio wave diseas~," cerebral
hemodynaniic: changes were observed. These iDc:lwled reduced :I.Dtensity of
the pulse blood volume and an iDc:rease iD tonicity of the intra- 8Dd extracranial
vesse1s.· The chauges d:f,d not, however, appear. to be fynctional. in
aature... · · · ·. ·.;- · · · . · . ~. . · ·· · · • ·
~~ Per~cnmel exposecl.~o mic~ve radiation llel~--~~~1 1~~~~-~~~i- ~- ence more neurological, cardiovascular, and hemodynamic disturb&Ac:es than
.. do their.. unexposed counterparts. Some of the cardiac and circulatory .
effects attributed to exposure include bradycardia,· hypotensioa, aad ·
changes in EKG indices (sinus arrhythmia, .extrasystole changes iD intraventricular
and intra-atrial conduction, ctiminished amplitude of EI<G
deflections, etc:.). . . . . .
(U) The cardiovascular effects have always been of primary interest.,
therefore, it is likely that research in this area will continue. It is
not apparent if cardiovascular effects were first observed in animals or
in patients suffering from the so-called "radiowave disease." It is probable
tha~further research will more accurately establish hemodynamic variations
in both animals and humans. Greater emphasis will be placec! on
animal studies which will allow for more precise close-response quantification •
PART 3 - CELLS
DST-18105-074-76
March 1976'
(U) Histological techniques have been used extensively for evaluatiag
the effects of electromagnetic radiation on cellular systems. Such studies
have included in vivo investigations of the cellular effects resulting from
whole body irradiati'On and.!!!. vitro studies employing cell cultures. . .
(U) The most pop.ular cells for study appear to be those of rat or 'IDIOUSe
liver. Nonthermal effects on subcellular structures iDclude the formatioo
of binuclear cells and i,:regular thickenin& of the nuclear membrane. Iavagination
of cytoplasm into the nucleus has also been Observed. frequeatly
accompanied by breaks in the nuclear membrane. Ma-rked changes :1.D the
endoplasmic 'reticulum and the mitochondria have also beea aotecl. 1.'he
available data, although still insufficient amd iRconcluaive. seem to
indicate that the magnitude of these effects is frequency dependent.
(U) The liver cells of Tats exposed for three hours to a 1.625 MBz field
showed damage to the protein synthesizing structures. DistiDct ebaages
were seen in the nucleoli or ribosome synthesizia& apparatus. The ultrastructure
of mouse liver cells was investigated after exposure to the same
frequency. The mitochondria became swollen aad underweat lysis. Some &iaat
mitochondria also appeared. The cellular reactions observed were lar.gely
the same as those observed.after tae actioa of many otaer enviroumeatal
factors.
(U) Phagocytic: function has reportedly been increased by exposure to an
electromagnetic radiation field and induction of coliciD synthesis bas
been observed in !.:.. ..5!1!. irradiated with a non thermal illteosity.
(U) In many cases. electromagnetic radiation effects occur at the cellular
level, therefore tissue culture techniques provide a weil controlled and
accurate method for study of those effects. Ultrahigh frequency exposure
of cultures of rat fibroblasts, monkey kidney cells, and h\li1JiaD embryo
fibroblasts led to degeneration of the culture in four to six days. Tbe
earliest degeneration occurred in primary cell cultures. Studies are aov
under way on cell permeability, .. cell interfaces, cell stimulation, 1111d
the electrical characteristics ~f nerve cells. Other Bloc research will . include study of microwave effects on aitosis, cell differentiation, and
subcellular deoxidation potentials. The data obtained from these studies
of cellul•r and subcellular responses to electromagnetic sttmulation will
be highly significant. since they may lead to the eventual understanding
of basic mechanisms underlying biological changes Which occur 4urin& and
after microwave radiation.
DST-lSlOS-074-76
.March 1976
PART 4 - CENTRAL HERVOUS SYSTDI
·-
(U) Research on the effects of radiowaves and microwaves on the central
nervous system of humans was relatively widespread. A number of reports
are discussed in this section, as well as research results regardtog
central nervous system effectS On animal models and isolated nerves.
(U) Subjects exposed to microwave radiation exhibited a variety of
neurasthenic.disorders against a back&round of angiodystonia (abnormal
.changes i.n tonicity of the blood vessels). The most commou subjective
complaints were headache, fatigue, perspi~iag, dizziness, menstrual . disorders, irritability, agitation, tension, drowstness, sleeplessueas,
depression, anxiety, forgetfulness, aacl lack of concentration.
(U), Various neurological disorders were investigated by studyiag the
vestibular and visual analyzer functions 1a persons exposed to radio
waves of varying types for various periods. Elevation of the tb.reshold
of excitability was also accompanied by a lengtheaing of the tiDe
required for dark adaptation. The magnitude aDd intensity of the
changes tended to increase with leugth of exposure. S:l.milar studies
showed increases in the threshold of olfactory sensitivity. EEG automatic
frequency analysis was performed on 80 persona exposed to one meter wavelength
radiation and 80 healthy controls. No differences were found between
the exposed group aDd the controls regardless of leDgth ·of the
exposure, intensity of the field, or frequency. Presumably, all of these
exposures were of a nonthermal nature. Conversely, thirty-seven paraoas
occupatio2ally exposed to a superhigh frequency microwave field
(10 p'W/cm ) over periods of two to ei&ht years, were studied; symptoas
of asthenic and autonomic vascular disturbances, endocriDe shifts, and
abnormal EEG' s were observed in half of the patients. Their reflexes in
response ·td light and so.md were weak, distorted, or D.ODexistent and
their skin galvanic reaction t!l flashing light vas abnormally intense
and prolonged. Additional data will be required in order to assess the
significance of these human studies.
(U) Long-term experiments conducted on rabbits demonstrated that irradiation
with intermittent or continuous low intensity microwave fields
elicits qualitatively and quantitatively different changes in the lEG.
Intermittent radiation bad a more pronounced effect on the recovery time.
It has als~ been observed that long-term exposure of humaDs to microwave
radiation results in extremely flattened EEG patterns.
I."! Exp·o.sur~ . of. r~blt~ . to .. low le~els· ~f-. id.crowave racJiati~. ~casui~ei . :' . . ...
i.ti alteration of brain electrical activity • but caused no detectable _,: .. . . ·
macroscopic or microscopic histological changes. Examination of the ....... .
brains of rabbits sacrificed immediately"after e~sure to 10 centimeter
microwaves at power densities of 20 to 30 mW/cm2 revealecJ hyperemia of· .. , tbe meninges. distension of super~icial vessels. aad small extravasations · • ·
of blood in deeper brain ·areas. Some. or all of the observed cbauges •·· ~:· :.
could have been thermal rather t'ban non thermal effects • since the power . ·
density employed in the experiment was pcr..,erful enough to .have caused a
fairly great-temperature rise. ·The effects nqted immediately after
exposure were apparentl7 r~versi'ble, since no cbaages in the cooditicm of
the brain tissue were found in animals sacrificed oia. the day following·. ·
- expos~e. . . . .. : ... ~; . . :" :. ~
. •.• ... · .. · .
(U) Study ~f the rabbit visual cortex after a one minute exposure of the
bead to 40 pV/cm2 ·at a wavelength of 12.5 em revealed -chaD&es in the fre-
• quency of the bflckground activ:l.t:y of 52 percent of visual cortical neurons.
Chronic irradiation (two lfeeks) of rabbits. caused t!be development of a
prevalence of slow, irreauJ.ar biological currents; this was interpreted as
evidence of progre~sive establishment of an inhibitory state in the cortex of the cerebral hemispqeres. Normalization of the electrical shifts re- .. quired up to two months in some. cases. Similar studies With rats indicated
appax:ent decr~e .. in. choli.D:~sterase activity in the ceutral aerv~ _system •
. OJ) Bi.stological examination· of the cerebral cortex ce11s from rats
exposed to UHF at S.to 15 ~W/cm2 •revealed the onset of sclerosis and the
· fo~tion of vacuoles i.n some of tbe cells.
(D) ·SOme excellent'studies usin& biopotential recordiugs'were performed to
determine the effect of microwaves on the kinetics of nerve iapulse.conduction.
Frog sciatic nerves were irradiated v1th 12.5 em wavelength microwaves
for one minute ancJ parallel temperature measurements were made. Calculati.ons
showed that the absorption of one calorie of microwave energy per
gram of material pez: minute gave a temperature rise of 1.1 clegrees C in .
the experiment. The effects of microwaves and of direct contact heating
(from three to nine degrees) on nerve impulse parameters (the rate of
excitation conduction (EC) and the biopotential aaplitude.(BA)) were
• measured'and compared. For thermal effects alone. one degree increased
the values of Eq and BA about five·percent. Changes in EC were.characterized
by. rapid ·increases as absorption of microwave energy increased, . followed by a fairly sharp drop upon switChing off the microwave irradiation
and normalization within three udnutes. These increases in EC
·values ~i&her than values obtained by thermal effects alone) were especially
pronounced in a study where the samples were heated three and six
degrees. In ·a series where A t • 9.1 degrees. EC was- lower, although the
temperature did not exceed physiological normal limits. Chang~s in BA
,,
DST-lSlOS-014-76
March 1976 .. .. .. ..
·.· ...
.•
durin& microwave 'irradiation .w~·re· alSo character:lz.ecl by a much faster
increase. followed by a sharp drop to below the origiDal level after
irradiation and essential recovery in three minutes. 1D a series where
the temperature increased to 31°C, the microwave effect at first was the
same as the thermal effect; after thirty seconds the BA value was e'Y8D
lower than for the thermal effe~t alone, possil.tly clue to overlap of ioa.ic
currents at such high temperature. This was followed by a substaatial
drop after irradiation, and very little recovery :l.a three uduutes. '1'he
·differences in results in this s~ries were attributed to different initial'
conditions of the preparatiODB.
. (U) These experimaDts indicate that adcrowaves may have a specific effect
of a nonthermal nature on EC and BA, causing sh&rp and nversible changes
in these functional parameters of nerve impulse. Further experimeutatioa
will be needed before extrapolations of similar functiooal changes to
in vivo conditions, or to hurrums, are attempted. "lt. is expected that
Sovi'e't'"researcb o~ these and other CNS respcmses will continue duria& the
next five Y.ears.
PART 5 - DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
(U) A number of alterations iD the fUDctioa of the pstroint.estiual
.·
system were observed. Reportedly, exposures of sul>jects vorkiDg for long '-..
periods of time in the presence of low inteasity centimeter aad decimeter
waves resulted in numerous disorders. these included dyspeptic disorders,
edema of the cums. bleeding gums. alteration of the gastric acidity, ead
a reduction of the tonus and evacuator fuact::Lons of the stomac:h.
(U) Nume~ous animal studies have been conducted on the 1110tor function of
the gastrointestinal tract and the secretory function of the stomach. Ronthermal
intensities were reportedly used. lD general, suppression of the
stomach's evacuatory function, with sips of adaptation upon repeatecJ ex- . posure, w~s found. After partial denervation of the stomach, the opposite
occurred. It was concluded that the waves have a dual effect - a mediated
action through changes in the fuuction of the CNS aad a direct effect on
the organ or its local illllervation. lD general, gastric juices iucreaaed
and little change in acidity was noted. This work teDCls to support observations
of functional changes in humans and indicates that they may actually
result from a CNS interaction. Other animal results are discussed below,
but do not relate to the human observations.
10
(This page is UNCLASSIFIED)
DST-1810S-Q74-76
March 1976
(U) .· The effects of high frequency radiowaves on the content of nucleic
acids in the digestive organs of rabbits were studied. The total nucleic
acid content and the individual levels of DNA and RNA were assayed in the
liver, pancreas, stomach, small intestines, and blood. It was found that
the content of nucleic acids in the organs was a fuoctlon of the power
and duration of exposure. Low doses were found to considerably stimulate
the nucleic acids, while higher doses reduced their content. Significant
shifts in DNA content required very high level exposures. In a similar
study on frogs exposed to microwaves (2307 MHz), the highest nucleic acid
content' was found in the pancreas and the lowest in the stomacJa. Again,
low doses increased the total nucleic ac~d content while higher doses
induced insignificant increases or reductions in their couteat.
(U) The effects of microwaves (2307 MHz) on radiophosphorus resorption
in the stomach, duodenum, ileum, and colon were stu4ied in rabbits.
Simultaneously, absorbed radiophosphorus distribution in the liver, lungs,
kidney, and spleen was investi&ated. It was found that rates of radioactive
phosphorus resorption by sections of the alimentary canal differ.
Under microwave exposure, resorptive activity of the stomach is somewhat
decreased, while in the small and large intestines, it is increased. Lower
intensity exposure accelerated the intestine resorptive fUDctioa to a
greater extent than large doses of lower frequency waves. Radiophosphorus
deposition in the viscera ~s also a function of the dosage.
PART 6 - GLANDS
(U) Investigations of the effects of radiowaves aDd microwaves on the
glandular system have been concentrated mainly on the adrenal, pituitary,
and the thyroid. The glandular effects, however, do not appear to be a
high pri~ity area when compared to other systems currently under ~vestigaticm.
(U) The functional status of the adrenal cortex in shipboard specialists
subjected to the effects of a UHF field was reviewed. Thirty-eight men
were expo~ed to the field for periods of 24 to 1800 hours and ketosteroids
and oxycorticosteroids (which reflect androgenic functiOD) were monitored.
The results indicated that androgenic, glucocorticoid, and mineral corticoid
functions of the adrenal gland cortex do not deviate from the normal.
Microwave exposure also increased thyroid function in these subjects. The
increase·was attributed to secondary effects of the radiation and vas felt
to result from disturbances of the s~athetic nervous system in the
hypothalmic region. In guinea pigs, the weight of the adrenal glands increased
after continuous exposure at low levels for fourteen days, but
decreased in animals exposed to interrupted exposures. Modification of
lipid met4bolism appears to be the aech&Dism of action. Similar exposure
u
tN:LASSIFIED
...
DST-18108-074-76
March•l9-76
UNCLASSIFIED
using chicks resulted in increased ascorbic acid content in the cytoplasm
of the adrenal cortex, but other work bas produced conflicting results
regarding the effects on the adrenal cortex.
(U) A quantitative assay of the gonadotropic hormones and growth hormones
in the pituitary body of rats exposed to microwave radiatiou indicated that
for a certain time after exposure, blocking or inactivatioa of gonadotropinreleasing
agents occurs in the hypothalamus. Both neural-hormonal and
pituitarY gonadotropic hypofunctional effects resulted from Whole-body
microwave irradiation.
(U) The general conclusion that can be clrawu from various (both animal.
end human) studies of the anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex is that
exposure to radiowaves and microwaves of thermal iateD.Sities results ia
suppression of the hormODe produciug fuactiODS ~ut exposure to aoutbermal
intensities tends to enhance production.
(U) An increase of the thyroid fuactiou i.Ddices vas fOUDCl in animals
undergoing microwave irradiation for four months at a power deusity
of 5 DW/cm2• In histological sectioas of the cylindric epithelium covering
the thyroid, follicles were seen aad electron microscopy revealed
reticulum.
PART 7 - METAl\OLISM
(U) Electromagnetic radiation exposure has been found to produce disturbances
in carbohydrate energy and nitrogen aetabolism iD the brain, liver.
and muscles. It appears that under electromagnetic exposure, aacroergic
compounds ~ecome deficient due to disjunction of the oxidative phosphorylation
processes and deranged metabolism of carbohydrates. With respect
to nitrogen metabolism, radiatioo causes an intensification of the ammonia
formation processes in the absence of correspondinaly more vigorous processes
for ita elimiDation.
(U) Exposure of rats to various .. intensities of electromagnetic fields
with a frequency of 48 KHz produced an increase of lactic and pyruvic
acids and a decrease in glycogen content in brain tissue. The changes
depended on the field intensity and exposure 4uration and one 110nth
after cessation of the exposure the titer of lactic acid in the rat
brain had not returned to normal.
(U) The role of uetabolic distutbaoces of the heart in development of
functional and structural cbanaes under the influence of low frequency
impulse elel!tromagnetic fielcls was studied. Test animals were rats
and it vas found that exposure decreased ATf and creati.npbospbate by
DST-18105-074-76 -- ---
March 1976
·· causing disturbances of t.he oxidative changes of carbohydrates and divergence'
of conjugation of oxidation and phosphorylation processes. It was
concluded that changes in carbohydrate energy and nitrogen metabolism
preceded the inception of structural changes in the myocardium.
(U) While these animal studies indicated an upset of some metabolic
pathways, the degree of functional impairment was relatively aaall and
probably not a significant factor. No human aetabolic variations were
noted and meaningful extension of tbese animal stu4ies to the humaa is
not possible. Research in this area is likely to remain low key and
will b~ conducted mostly on animals.
PA.Rl' 8 - lt.EPRODUCliON
(U) The effects of electromacnetic radiation on reproductive systems
have been the subject of numerous animal studies. Experiments wid\
female white mice revealed changes in the estrus cycle. Du.riag the fivemonth
study, the mice were irradiated twice daily for one hour, usiDg a
10 em wavelength of low intensity (10 aW/CU12). Although the average
number of normal cycles was unchanged, normal cycle duration increased.
Prolonged diestrus and metestrus, along with a shortened estrus period,
resulted in a decrease in the reproductive function of the ovaries. A
weight loss was found to occur starting at oout two weeks, reaeh1D&
a maximum loss after four months.
(U) The fertility of female white mice was also investigated. The
animals, irradiated as above, were mated auring proestrus or early estrus
with nonirradiated males. Conception in fifty-eight control animals was
94 percent, but only 75 percent in irradiated animals. Long-tena DODthermal
m.icrowave irradiation of male 11lice evoked iiffuse chanses iu the
testes. Subsequent matin& of the animals reau1ted in reduction in the
size o~ l4tters.
(U) Microwave radiation at 10 and SO dl/c:a2 intensity was admin.isterecl
for twenty and fifteen minutes respectively at various stages of tbe
twenty day gestation periods. The pro&eny showed reduced viability,
poor development, and anomalies. Changes in rate of postnatal development
and disturbances of higher nervous system activity were also observed.
(U) Female white mice were irradiated twice daily for oae hour with 10 em
waves of low intensity (10 dl/cm2) up to the eighteenth day of pregnancy.
There were stillbirths. a sianificant number of weak Dewborn. and a g«meral
retardation of body weight gain and growth. Other researchers found stmilar
effects in litters from females which bad been exposed twice daily for
one hour to a 10 em wavelength at an inteuity of 10 raW/ cm2 for five DIOilths
prior to .,tiD&.
-·
13
DST-18105-074-76
March 1976 I
UNCLASSIFIED
(U) Genetic effects of electromagnetic radiation were observe~ in other
studies. Male rats. irradiated with microwaves at SD-55 mw/cm • were
mated with nonirradiated females. Litters displayed reduced viability
and abnormal development, reduced rate of development and nervous
disorders.
(U) Although researchers noted a certain degree of specificity ia the
pathological changes induced by microwave irradiation of mice, they
concluded that the pathological processes occurring in male or female
animals resulted from different meChanisms of action.
'
(U) Both sexes of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanoiaster, were exposed
to microwaves to study the effects of radiatioa-1Dduced mutatioa. Group A,
e:h.-posed for five seconds to 38 MHz. showed an increased 'frequency of 11Rltation
when bred five to nine days after irradiation. The results were ~t
statistically conclusive. however. Group B. exposed for ten ~nutes to
2375 MHz. showed no effect on frequency of mutatiODS.
(U) A strain of Staphylococcus aure\18, kaowra to 1M resistant to peaicillin,
was exposed to an electroma111etic field. A mutant was found to
be sensitive to penicilliR. probably due to a change ia lipid coateat.
(U) In summary, a large a.mOuat of research has beeo doae em tbe nproductive
effects of EHR. However, effects on human reproduction.
especially on male fertility, have not beeo demoastrated.
PART 9 - VISUAL SYSTEMS
(U) The role of microwaves iR cataract formation aod visual damage bas
· been studies) extensively in the past and is reasonably well uoderstood.
Primary attention in .any studies bas been directed at the biological effects of superhigh frequency electromagnetic radiatiOD on the crystalline
lens of the eye. Biomicroscopic techuiques have beeu used to study
cataract development in persons regularly exposed to microwave fields.
A four-year'·study involving 600 workers and 300 controls revealed no
significant difference between the two groups. Cataracts were discovered
in only one percent of those persons exposed to such radiation; aost of
these cases resulted from safety violatiODS. Cataracts which occurred
were characterized in their early stages by turbidity of the leas aad
changes in form and color.
(U) In another study. thirty-five workers regularly exposed to aicrowave
fielcls and having pronounced congenital lenticular cataracts were examined
over a one to three year period; the results of their aurfoatiODB were
compared to £bose of twelve persons with similar cataracts who bad ao
history of exposure to radiation. Bo progression was DOted iD any of the
exposed individuals; changes were slow and probably attributable solely
to natural aging of the lens.
. . . ..
DST-18105-074-76
March 1976
(U)· Combined wavelengths over the range of the millimetric spectrum were
used in an animal study involving nine rabbits exposed for 35-70 ~nutes~
Although the radiation used was of considerable intensity (120-495 mW/cm ).
no damage occurred in the deeper media of the eye, in particular the lens.
during the 2 ·.to 2~ months observation period. Bowever • erosion of the
epithelium of the cornea clid occur along with damage to the coajunctiva
and. its vessels. Multiple tiny hemorrhages in the mucosa aDd submucous
tissue were also evident.
(U) The Soviets have reported the occurence of "acute attacks" (sic) of
glaucoma (1304 cases) which were correlated with aeomagnetic disturbances.
Moreover, recurring "acute attacks" came primarily ou days when the meaD
value of the horizontal component of the geomagnetic field varied significantly.
The sipificance of this report is questionable, but :lt i.Ddicates
that the Soviets are examining all aspects of mapatic and
electromagnetic radiation which ~ght cause changes in visioa.
(U) Although a growing body of evidence suggests that the microwave
power density required to produce cataracts is incompatible witb life.
the Soviets will continue to investigate the visual effects of IHR 1Nt •
their effort will be reduced from its previous level.
PART 10 - INTERNAL SOUND PERCEPTION
(U) Perception of modulated microwave sisnals which se.a to be originating
intracranially as characteristic sounds is a pbenomenGD which vas first
reported in the us open literature aore than thirte!n years aae. 7o produce
sounds, peak power densities of up to 8~ BW/cm may be required, but
the average power density usually is S ~W/cm • The Soviets have studied
this phenamenon in order to determine the underlying physiological mechanism(s)
and to define the optimum irradiation parameters needed to evoke the
response. They found that when the fundamental frequency of the electromagnetic
stimulus was raised from 2050 to 2500 HBz, the reaction threshold ·
rose sipi:ficantly, but at a frequency of 3000 MBz there was no reaction
in the auditory centers. The averaae intensity of electr~guetic radiation
required to evoke the response was less than 10 mW/cm ; it vas
concluded that the fundamental signal fre~uency rather than the amount
of energy constituted the primary stimulus and that the observed phenomenon
was sensory in nature.
(U) The Soviets will continue to investigate the nature of intern~l sound
perception. Their research will include studies on perceptual distortion
and other psychophysiological effects. The results of these iDvestigations
coul~have military applications if the Soviets develop methods for
disrupting or disturbiD& human behavior.
15
(Reverse Blank)
UNCLASSIFIPJ)
SECtiON IIi
MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS
DST-lBlOS-074-76
March 1976
(U) Most of the reported biological effects from radiowaves m:ld microwaves
result from exposure to the higher frequency ranges. Many of the ·
observed physiological changes probably occur as a result of thermal . effects arising from the vibration of ions and dipoles of water molecules
in tissues; the vibrations are aet into motion more efficieutly by the
shorter wavelength (high frequency) waves. For example, a radiowave of
ten centimeters wavelength couverts about fifty perceDt of its cergy into beat in this manner, whereas a three-centimeter wave converts aearly
ninety-eight percent of its energy into beat. A study of the biological
activity of low frequency (seven 1Hz) impulse electromagnetic radiatioa of
different intensities and durations was done on rats. It was foUDd that
the pathological changes were a function of dose; susceptibility to radiation
was governed by metabolic processes and morphology aAC1 the organ.s aud
systems could be classified as to sensitivity in the following order: testicles,
liver, kidneys, heart, and central nervous system. Another study
indicated that relatively low frequency electromagnetic fields generated
sonic and ~ltrasonic oscillations in living organisms which :l.D turn produced
elastic deformations. If the frequeocy of the source field'corresponded to
the oscillation frequency of the cells (the resODaDce frequeDcy most likely),
the cells deteriorated as a result of the mechanical resOD&Dce.
(U) Clinical studies were done on thirty subjects, aged 25 to 40 years, ·eXposed
to industrial ultrahigh frequency centimeter waves at power densities
of 10 to. 500 mW/cm2 for periods of time ranging from 4 to 13 years. Subjective
cOmplaints included generalized weakness, aftemooc and evening apathy,
fatigue, headache, sleep disorders, and nonradiating precordial pain suggestive
of asthenia or neurasthenia with autonomic dystonia. Electroencephalography
revealed periods of absence of alpha wave activity alternating
with low''lt waves, increased frequency of potentials, dysrhythmia, periodic
low peak potentials, and reactions to afferent sttmuli. Peripheral blood
studies revealed lymphocytosis or moaocytosis in eight subjects; increased
alpha and samma &lobulins were found in 18 subjects. Erythrocyte potassium
was within the lower limits of normal, while urine potassium was within the
upper limts of normal. Adrenal cortex function was evaluated by urine
levels of 17-ketosteroids, which were elevated to 22 to 40 mg in 11 subjects;
average levels were 20.5 mg. Urine levels of epinephrine and noreplnephrine
were elevated in some subjects. Thyroid function was evaluated by rate
of radioiodine uptake. Average uptake within two hours was 11.3 percent,
and in fo'Ur hours 16.9 percent. The 24 hour uptake did not differ from
normal values. Electrocardiography revealed changes in the heart c:ODduction
system in six subjects; the Tv1>w syndrome was found in ten
17
UNCLASSIFIED
..
DST-l&lOS-074-76
March 1976
UNCLASSIFIED
sUbjects and a U wave was registered in lead V3 iD eight subjects. Hemodynamic
and myocardial function par~ters were studied by tachooscillography
and polysphygmography. Arterial pressure was usually within normal
limits, although it was of a labile nature. Bradycardia was present in
14 subjects and decreased minute volume vas observed iD eight; iDC:.rease4
peripheral resistance was fcnmd "in a significant number" of subjects.
Autonomic-vascular chonacs and emotion~! lability and reactivity were
attributed to CNS changes.and increased pituitary-adrenal &laDd fUDctioo.
It was also noted that such shifts 1D neuroendocriDe function could lead
to circulatory disorders manifested by chaD&es in tbe hemodynamic indices
and electrical activity of the heart.
(U) A second study was done on two aroups of workers occupationally exposed
in the radio industry. The first group consisted of 100 subjects who ba4
worked for several years under conditions of periodic exposure to adcrowaves
of considerable intensity (up to several mwtca2). The seconA group consisted
of 115 subjects who had begun work after the introduction of protective
measures and had been exposed t, microwave intensity levels approximately
the same as those to which the first aroup vas exposed. A coatrol aroup
of 100 subjects not exposed to the action of microwaves was also continuously
examined. The study showed adverse effects, primarily oa the uervous
and cardiovascular systems, ill both exposed groups. These effects were
more pronounced in the first aroup. they were manifested by more frequent
complaints of asthenic syndrome and vegetative vascular ~sfuactioa.
(U) A lack of standards for measurin& power levels represents a problem
which probably accounts for conflicting reports regardta& the effects of
a given fr-'quency and intensity. Other problems with dosimetry and experimental
technique also exist. Such differences aake comparisOD of results
from one investigator to another • as well as from one country to aaother,
extremely difficult.
(U) Only a few studies involving electromagnetic interactioa with the
iDDunologic:al system have been rttported. In one, rabbits were employed
to study the body immunological reactivity UDder long-term irradiation.
The rabbits were immunized with typhoid antigen and divided into two groups.
One group was exposed to waves of SO and 10 mW/aA2 inteusity for four hours
a day over a four-mouth period. Analysis of the data obtained iadicated
that chronic exposure to the effects of low intensity high frequency radiowaves
can influence the immunoreactive state of the body as evidenced by
differences in phaaocytic activity of neutrophils, blood serum complement
level, and specific antibody titers •
.,
18
UNClASSIFIED
DST-lllOS-07,_..76
March 1976
. .
(U) Soviet investigators have conducted studies on the effects of microwave
frequencies in combination with ionizing radiation, magnetic fields,
drugs, and nonionizing electromagnetic radiation of other wavelen,fl~~: :· . ·
Generally, synergistic effects have been observed. Continued woi&~ this are~ is expected, and possibly new safety standards for these combined
effects will b~ developed.
(U) In summary, this section f:silaws the rather broad front on which
Soviet researchers are investigating the biological effects of EKR~ It
is apparent that their interest covers all body systems which could reasonably
be expected to display responses to 'such radiation. As with Western
researchers, they have concentrated their efforts on the higher frequency
spectrum which would be expected to produce more thermal respODaas. Bowever,
they also continue to be interested in nonthermal effects, which,
by Western standards, they have yet to conclusively demonstrate •
..
19
(Reverse Blank)
UNCIASSIFifJ)
SECTION IV .~ .· ~
DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES
.· ...
DST-18105-074-76
March 1976
The Soviet interest in the nonthermal effects of microwave
radiation is evident both from the standards estnhlished nnd the many low
intensity irradiation .experiment~ conducted by their researche.rs.
The results·of
the research have encouraged the Soviets to investigate methods for exploiting
microwaves and radiowaves to produce controllable psychophysiological
effects. Laboratory facilities for investigating the combined effects of
.several microwave frequencies have been established at various institutes.
Other research involves examining the pathological e(fer.ts of UHF radiation
fTom '300 r:o 3,000 KHz on man. This work sup(1brts the view, contested
by some non-Soviet authors. that there are nonthenanl tnodes of action.
While no specific research results are reported, it app~nrs that on the
basis of results obtained the Soviets will not alter their standards. ParL
of this effort apparently involves development of prophyl~ctic procedures
against nonthermal UHF radiation as well as development of therapeutic
techniques for those exposed. Beneficial effects of exPrcise and nutrition
in increasing body resistance to radiation have been postulated. Physiotherapy.
vitamins, and stimulants aTe recommended for the treatment of
this type of radiation sickness.
· • • Recently, US and other Western scientists h.,ve been quite concerned
with the vnst difference between the two standarcl~. So far, there
has been no serious attempt to reconcile or explain these dissimilarities.
However. two interesting possibilitie~ presented below rnay partially
explain .. the lack of agreement:
a. Soviet researchers a~e using h:atch exposure tedmiques. They
expose a number of nnim.1ls in c:omp.:trtrncnted c:t~cs to th;• s.amc radiation
dosP. \-:estern experience with b01tch cxp(.tsurc h.H; ~;hnwn th.,t such ,, practice
tends to exaggerate or perturb th~ field. This f'7·:.ts,;r.£'r:ltion is dnE>
to reflected energy and the phenomunnn of stnuding w:av·.·1;. Whnt the
exaggcrnt ion mt?nns in terms of comparlHon to th•· c•xpusun· f'f a sin~ 1 e
animal is that one is likely to bt! dc.•:tting wllh higlwr i'""'cr lrvels thnn
he renlt?.eN. This may. to somt..~ extent, cxpl01in thP di i ft.'rcnt findings at
supposediy identical dosage lev~ls.
b. Much of the difference between t:S and Snvi<.·t t!io•rm:ll 01nd nonthermal
positions mny exist bec:uasc of a definition prnhl,•m. 1·hr. Snvi\''t dt•fi.nition ol
· •'thermal" means a measurable incrcnst• in body t e!mJU'•ratun• m~asurcd rectally.
DST-.lSlOS-074-76
March 1976
"Nontherm.ll'' mP.an!'" that no lncre.-..:oe lr. n'ct:at· tl'mlu.:-rat••rc :s 1:w:u~urable .
. Therefore>. it appt.'ars th:tt if a changt• ,,r ;an eff,~r.t. is nott'cl~o;lt.hc.nat an
increas~ in rectal temperature it ls a nonthermill cfft.•ct cr.p l:lin:1hle as
an energy c~nup 1 illg. Th i.s def i.nition d<'t:.•S nol tDk~! into acct"mt localized
temperatur~ increases which may not be reflt!cted in rectal t•~rtpttratures.
lt has be'en reported that some 'Europe•m Communist countries have
established two standards - one for military and one· for tlu· civilian
sector. Although the civilian standards are lower. some rc~~archers feel
that they are not low enough. Reports also indicate that a number of
female workers in industry say have aborted as a· result of ~xposure to
microwave radiation o.stensibly within the safety stanclards.
The extent to which aicrowaves an,l other nonionizing r01diation causes
chromosome aberrations is somewhat of ., controversitll Rubjt>•·t as is the
question of the reversibility of any pnsstble in jury. lt h."ls been suggested
c:hat studies on the surface propertles and permeability of cell
aembranes could supply some answers to these questions •
(U) Safety precaut:Lons auc1 standard& have been established ·ill ·hoth··.the·_ .. ,: ·~·:
US and USSR to protect not only ·persons who are occupationally' exposed . :· :.:: ,·
hut fllso to protect. the health of per~ons Uving or workiua uear powerful .. · . generatillg or tr&DS~tti.ti.a faciliti.es.; Si.pi.ficant clifferences in these · :· · :--~·
atanciarq exist anc1 appear to h"e primarUy aile to GiffereD.t viewpoi.nts. . ...
on ucmtbermal effects in the two cou:ntri.es.. Both uations' staDdards take
:tnto account the potentially lethal thermal eff..:ts reaulti.q from high ...
:lntensity exposure. but the biological effects of nonthermal irradial:ion
are not well definecl or clocU~~Je.D.ted. Ia adclition. some research has inclicated
the possi.bi.lity . of a cumul.ati.ve effect On. humans, but this. is also
•. very poorly defi.necl. ··: .. . . . . .. · -~ ·. ·.: ··
n ~et r~~ch·has. ~~~~ced pide~es-.whi~were ~-~-~lis~. ·a· value of 10 ~W/~2 per ~~r~a day as the ~aximum admissible value for2 '111i.cr0fo1ave irradiatiou.. Higher exposures, at values of 0.01 to 0.1 mW/cm , are pcrm:Lssi.ble for up. to two hours per day or 1 mW/c::m2 for 15 to 20 'IDinutJ!s
per aay. Protective ·glaases are requirecl in the latter ease. The Czecho- ·
slov;ikiaD standards for frequencies above 300 MHz allow a maximum of
0. 025. mlil/cm2 :1n the continuous wave m.ocle for eipt hour exposures. · The
standard for pulsacl operati.on -for the same exposure period is 0.01 uiW/cm2.
Ia .June 1973,. Polud revised i.ts exposure safety standards for s.ou.icmizing
·racliatiou. ::l:o. the frequency range of 0. 3 to 300 GBz. The new standard perm:lts
1mlimited exposure of h1.1111anS to· field intensities of 0.01 m'W/c:m2.
Eight 4
hours per clay exposure i~ permitted for iateD&ities up to 0.2 mW/em2
for fi.ze~ fields and 1. 0 .W/ ca for rotating fields... Exposures of . up to
10 aV/cm are permitted for limitecl pet"iod& of time without safety equip- ·
Mnt. Exposu;-es greater thaD 10 mW/c::m2 are prohibi.ted without approved
safety· equipment. Prior to .Juue 1973, the meximum radiation exposure
level for all nonionizing radiation was 0.01 DiW/cm2 for up to eight hours
per 'day • which is the same as the safety standa-rd ·for the USSR. The
0.1 m.W/cm2 limit remains in effect for 0.1 MHz to 300 MHz, but revised standar~s fo-r thi.s frequency range are under consideration. The Fa~t
German maximum permissible exposure to microwaves is. 10 mV7/c:.m2, but neithe1.·
the exact frequency raage or duration for this exposure is specified.
By comparison. the United States Standards Institute recoMmends 10 mY/c:m2
· as averaged over any 1/10 hour period. 'The US Army and Air Force use the
follow~ eq~tioa.to.determiDe permissible exposure time (Tp)•
' 6000
'W1
permissible exposure time -in minutes .· ·
duriua any cme hour period and ·
t~ power density iD the area in mW/cm2.
23
1
DST-18105-074-76
March l976
. :- .. ~------ .. .. .
Potential probl~m · :art"ns for exposun." tl' .-xccss lv'"• , ... lcctrom~tr.nf't ir r.'\dia-
"tion which were found in tbc Communist lite~rntun.• hu·tud•~cl n wood proressing
plant. coastal radiotransmittinr. c·cnters. r:vttn equipment on ships,
and flight communic:atlons equipment ln the crew r..abins of aircraft. Open
feeder lines were identified as major s~urces of exposure • .. . ...
•
(U) Protective devices described for use in working near unncceptable
intensity fields includ~ protective (metal-coated) _eye glnsses and clothing
and shielding of the source with special absorbers or shtwt metal or wire
mask shields. A small semiconductor incol'icator instt'\.H!IIent ul'ied to warn
workers·or dangerous conditions from electromagnetic fields has been
developed. It rings an alarm when the field intensity exr.c~ds the allowable
level. An indicator pnper for visunl determination nf the intensity
of an electromagnetic field has also b~en developed. Th~ indicator is
prepared by impregnating a filter paper with a thermoscnsitive chemical
compound.
(U) In an animal study. it was reported that oral administrntion of caf-.
feine in doses of 20 mg per kg lowered the duration of resistance against ·
hyperthermia caused by microwave irradiation. Cnffcine did not influence
the temperature at which the animals died, but it shortent-d the time to
death. The reason for the lowered resistance of rnts to mfcrowaves was
attributed to caffeine's exciting effect on the CNS which caused increased'
metabolic activity and consumption of oxygen. Although c:-:tffctne might
exert similar effects on the human CNS, any lowering of Tcsistance to hyperthermia
would be insignificant; trained personnel workin~ with properly
operating. adequately serviced microwave equipment would probnbly almost
never be ~xposed, even accidentally, to the tremendous rnrlintion intensity
required to induce beating of the human body. Nevertheless, monitoring of·
Soviet research on the action of drugs in combination with microwave
radiation should continue, since such studies may eventu~lly result in the
detection .. of nonthermal safety hazards resulting £rom t\w mutually poten-
·tiating effects of radiation fields and pharmacological rnmpounds. ! •
Should subsequent research result in adoption of thl• Soviet standard
by ot!wr countries, indtl.<it,;:ies whost' pract Lees an• hast~d .m less str ingcnt
saft.!ty n:gul~1t ions could be required tu m:ak.c c~ost 1 y mt'd i • knt ion~ in order
to protN~t workrrs. Recognition of t1w .01 m\t//c"m"2. stnnd.,,.,, t:ou1d also
limit the applications of new electronic.· tunneling."' byr...aklnn the• commere
initial exploitation of some products unatractive! lwc:u:: ,. ,,f inc rPnsrd
costs imposed the need for additional safeguard:;
-SECTION VI
TRENDS. CONCLUS lONS. AND FORECAST
DST-1810S-074-76
March 1976
(U) A·. significant amount of research continues to be perfonned in the
Eurasi~ Communist countries to establish the eff~cts of rndiowaves and
microwaves on biological systems. It is often difficult tn evaluate the
reporte-d results, however. becau.c;e det:t.i ls of the r.xpo~ur" in te1"111s of
frequency, duration, and. intensity are f1uite varinble. nod sometimes poorly
repOrted. This; coupled with problcm.cs of measurc-trk!nt en•·,,untered in such
studies, creates a rather·confusin~ body of d.:.ta frmn whir.h to draw objecl:ive
and absolute conclusions regarding the significance of the research.
The Eurasian Communist investigators tend to place greater importance
"on the potential nonthermal effects than do their counterparts in the West,
but information regarding the precise nature of the~exposur~ under consideration
is often difficult to establish. A move townrd improved statistical
analysis of data and standardization of dosimetry can be expected as Eastern
Bloc researchers react to criticism of their work by W~stern scientists.
(U) The types of responses reportedly exhibited by the various biological,
organs. processes, or functions are in line with what ha~ been reported by
Western investigators. Again, most of the responses ,n1ich are reported can
be 1inked with the thermal action of the radiation. Studies which report
· on nonthermal effects deal largely with subjective responses, relying on
reports of he3dache, sleepiness, loss of appetite. etc. Thr. presence of
nonthermal effects. in addition to thermal effects at higher intensities,
has also'heen postulated by Eurasian Communist investigntors, but no
detailed investig.:.tive support for this possibility was noted. Accordingly,
it ts difficult to establish whether or not a trend tnw:trd thi!'l type- of .
rese3rch will begin. It is safe to say that Tf>!'lf•;·trc-h on nnnth~rmal t.·fft-cts
at therma'l. intensities wi 11 be exceedingly difficult sine:•"' another dimension
to an already formidable problem wi.ll have been addct1.
:;o Eurasian Communist research activity hilS been irll'nt ific-d which c-an
be clearly or directly related to •my n•ilitary offcnsivr weapons prnr,rctm.
However, Soviet scientists are fully awnrc of t!u- hinlogic-al effects of
low-1 ~v~l mlcrowav«:- radi3tion which mi~ht hav<> ,\r f;ms h·.- w..;tpons appli c.,t ion.
Tneir internal su\md pe>rc:eptinn r(.':;~an·h has J~n·at· pot .. nr i:d fnr d(•Vt'lorment
into a syst"·c for •Usor.iuntin~ or disrupting the hchaviur· p.utcrns o(
::lilitary Of diplomatic personnel; it Ctluhl be used equally well as an
interrogation tool.. The St,victs huve illsn studh•d the p:-;,•chophysiolos;ical
and cetnbolic ch:mges and the alteration:; of hrain funr.t inn resulting from
exposure to mixt.•d frequencies of el~ctT•l1L1Rnc-th· r&~dint inn. On•~ physiological
effect which has been demon:.;trlltt.•d is ht!nrt sri ?.un·. This hils been
accomplished experimentally in frogs by synchrt'nhing n l'ulsed ultr&~high
· 2S
i .
,
DST-18105-074-7.6
March 1976
.. ·· ...
...
frequency microwave signal of low average-power density with the depolarization
of the myocardium atid beaming thl! signal at the thoTopcic area. A
f-requency probably could be found which would provide suffit:ient penetration
of th~ chest wall of humans to accomplish the same effect. Another
possibility is alteration of the permeability of the bloocl-brnin barrier.
This could allow neurotoxins in the blood to cross. As a result, an
individual could develop severe neuropathological symptoms and either
die or become seriously impaired neurologically
The"above study·is recommended reading material for those
who have an interest in the application of microwave energy to
A discussion of weapons .is not within the scope of this study.
consumers weapons.
SECTION VII
INFORMATION GAPS
.DST-1810S-D74-76
March 1976
(U) Little information regarding the effects of relatively low frequency
radiowaves was available. These frequencies produce few thermal effects,
but although Eurasian Communist research frequently investigates nontberma 1
effects, few reports of studies at these low frequencies could be found.
(U) A limdted amount of information regardin& the effects of eaviroamaatal
conditions on susceptibility to damage from radiowave exposure was
reviewed. In fact, the few articles available OD these factors present
conflicting results. In addition, a few reports on the effects of the
very complex fields encountered in the near field situation (i.e., very close to the source) were fouad.
(U) The effects of relatively low level exposure to radiowaves (such as
might be encountered by persons living in the vicinity of high powered
radio stations) are not well documented. One report suggests a statistical
evaluation of the health of persons living in such areas as compared to
persons living in areas with a more normal electromagnetic level. This
would be ~ very difficult study to undertake if statistically significant data were to be obtaiDed.
(U) No o'fficial safety standards have been identified for Albania,
Bulgaria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, ·'aDQ the Asian Coammist countries.
29
(Reverse Blank)
! • REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ I!'ISTRUCT10NS
BltP'OR& COMPLE'I'IHG FOIW
I'· REPORT NUMBER •. a. GOVT ACCUSION NO a. RECIPif.MT'I CATALOG MUMBitlt
DST-lSlOS-074-76 .
•· Tl Ta. E (Mtllu,fle.) S. TyPt: OF Rf.PORT 6 PEAtOO CO\fERED
BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION Trend Study, Group II.
(RADIOWAVES AND MICROWAVES) - EURASIAN COMMUNIST Biennially
COUNTRIES (U) .. 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
7. AUTHOR(e) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBEft(e)
Mr. Ronald L. Adams
Dr. R. A. Williams (Battelle Columbus LaboratorieE)
t. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND AOOAI:IS ... PROGRAM I:L.E .. ENT. PROJI:CT, TASK
US Army Medical Intelligence and AREA a WORIC UNIT NUM8£RS
Information Agency DIA Task Ho. PT-1810-02-75
Washington, DC 20314
H. CONTROI.LING OFFICE NAME AND AOOAUS ' tz. REPORT OATB
US Army Medical Intelligence and March 1976
Information Agency ••• NUMBER OF ptAGU
'Washington, DC 20314 36
14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME a AODR£SS(IIfllller•t tn. C::..-'1,., Ottl .. ) II. HCUNTY CI.ASS. Col IItle ~
Defense Intelligence Agency CONFIDENTW.
Washington, DC 20301
ISa. 0£Cf:JSIFICATIONIDOWHGRADING
ICH LIE XGDS
16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ollllle ~)
Distribution limited to US Government agencies ODly; foreign information;
March 1976. Other reques~s for this document must he referred to the
Defense Intelligence Agency, WashiDgton, DC 20301. -
17. DISTRIBUTION ST ATE.MENT (ol 11M 41h&rac:t _,_,1ft •l•cll H, It flflller-t ,._ ltiiJIOft)
.. ••• SUPPI.EalltNTARY NOTES
'
.. 11. KEY WORDS CCofallnue t~n ,..,., •• ellle Unece .. _, _,,...,Itt.,. 61oat -'-)
Animal vulnerability, biological effects, electromagDetic radiation, human
vulnerability, udcrowaves, radiowaves, research trend, safety standards,
super high frequency radiatio~. therapeutic effects • .
20. A8STRAC:T (C_t._ - ,..._ ..... It -n•MI7 _, ltlwallft 6r 61Mot _..,.)
(U) This study was undertaken to provide a review and evaluation of the
current Eqrasian Communist country state-of-the-art in the area of the
effects of radiowaves and ~crowaves. It generally covers the 1968-1975
period. The majo~ topics include discussions of the effects on humans and
animals. The study provides information on the general trends of research
with special attention to possible military applications. Where appropriate,
information on safety standards and research personalities and facilities is
provided.
UNCiASSIFlED
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32 mCLASSIFIED
DST-1810S-D74-76
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C605 .TFK Cl'R MIL ASSIST
C619 MIABEDST'Citl
C620 USASRD ·
C632 ORD Cl'R & Sai
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TOTAL DIRECT DISTRIBU'l'l(li: 92 COPIES
33
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DST-1810S-074-76
March 1976
DIA/DS-4C DISTRIBUTION
DOD· AND JOINT AGENCIES
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DIA
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Bl34 DIA/DE-2 (2)
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0008 NISC
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D248 NAVSEASYSCOM
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P085 STAIE (5)
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TOTAL DIA DlSTlUllnTJ:ION 117 COPIES
34
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