Project Iceworm
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Coordinates:
77°10′N 61°08′W
Camp Century
Thule
Camp Fistclench
Greenland
Project Iceworm was the code name for a top secret United States Army program during the Cold War to build a network of mobile nuclear missile launch sites under the Greenland ice sheet. The ultimate objective of placing medium-range missiles under the ice — close enough to strike targets within the Soviet Union — was kept secret from the Government of Denmark. To study the feasibility of working under the ice, a highly publicized "cover" project, known as Camp Century, was launched in 1960.[1] Unsteady ice conditions within the ice sheet caused the project to be canceled in 1966.
Contents
1Political background
2Description
3Size of proposed missile complex
4Sheet ice elasticity
5Climate change
6See also
7References
7.1Bibliography
8External links
Political background[edit]
Portable nuclear power plant
Layout plan of Camp Century
Details of the missile base project were secret for decades, but first came to light in January 1995 during an enquiry by the Danish Foreign Policy Institute (DUPI) into the history of the use and storage of nuclear weapons in Greenland. The enquiry was ordered by the Parliament of the Kingdom of Denmark following the release of previously classified information about the 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash that contradicted previous assertions by the Government of Denmark.[2]
Description[edit]
To test the feasibility of construction techniques a project site called "Camp Century" was started by the United States military, located at an elevation of 6,600 feet (2,000 m) in northwestern Greenland, 150 miles (240 km) from the American Thule Air Base.[3][4] The radar and air base at Thule had already been in active use since 1951.
Camp Century was described at the time as a demonstration of affordable ice-cap military outposts. The secret Project Iceworm was to be a system of tunnels 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) in length, used to deploy up to 600 nuclear missiles, that would be able to reach the Soviet Union in case of nuclear war. The missile locations would be under the cover of Greenland's ice sheet and were supposed to be periodically changed. While Project Iceworm was secret, plans for Camp Century were discussed with and approved by the Kingdom of Denmark, and the facility, including its nuclear power plant, was profiled in The Saturday Evening Post magazine in 1960.
The "official purpose" of Camp Century, as explained by the United States Department of Defense to Danish government officials in 1960, was to test various construction techniques under Arctic conditions, explore practical problems with a semi-mobile nuclear reactor, as well as supporting scientific experiments on the icecap.[5] A total of 21 trenches were cut and covered with arched roofs within which prefabricated buildings were erected.[6] With a total length of 3,000 metres (1.9 mi), these tunnels also contained a hospital, a shop, a theater and a church. The total number of inhabitants was around 200. From 1960 until 1963 the electricity supply was provided by means of the world's first mobile/portable nuclear reactor, designated PM-2A and designed by Alco for the U.S. Army.[7] Water was supplied by melting glaciers and tested to determine whether germs such as the plague were present.
Within three years after it was excavated, ice core samples taken by geologists working at Camp Century demonstrated that the glacier was moving much faster than anticipated and would destroy the tunnels and planned launch stations in about two years. The facility was evacuated in 1965, and the nuclear generator removed. Project Iceworm was canceled, and Camp Century closed in 1966.
The project generated valuable scientific information and provided scientists with some of the first ice cores, still being used by climatologists today.[8]
Size of proposed missile complex[edit]
According to the documents published by the Kingdom of Denmark in 1997, the U.S. Army's "Iceworm" missile network was outlined in a 1960 Army report titled "Strategic Value of the Greenland Icecap". If fully implemented, the project would cover an area of 52,000 square miles (130,000 km2), roughly three times the size of Denmark. The launch complex floors would be 28 feet (8.5 m) below the surface, with the missile launchers even deeper, and clusters of missile launch centers would be spaced 4 miles (6.4 km) apart. New tunnels were to be dug every year, so that after five years there would be thousands of firing positions, among which the several hundred missiles could be rotated. The Army intended to deploy a shortened, two-stage version of the U.S. Air Force's Minuteman missile, a variant the Army proposed calling the Iceman.[9]
Sheet ice elasticity[edit]
Although the Greenland icecap appears, on its surface, to be hard and immobile, snow and ice are viscoelastic materials, which slowly deform over time, depending on temperature and density. Despite its seeming stability, the icecap is, in fact, in constant, slow movement, spreading outward from the center. This spreading movement, over the course of a year, causes tunnels and trenches to narrow, as their walls deform and bulge, eventually leading to a collapse of the ceiling. By mid-1962 the ceiling of the reactor room within Camp Century had dropped and had to be lifted 5 feet (1.5 m). During a planned reactor shutdown for maintenance in late July 1963, the Army decided to operate Camp Century as a summer-only camp and did not reactivate the PM-2A reactor. The camp resumed operations in 1964 using its standby diesel power plant, the portable reactor was removed that summer, and the camp was abandoned altogether in 1966.[10]
Climate change[edit]
See also: Greenland ice sheet § The melting ice sheet, and Global warming in the Arctic
When the camp was decommissioned in 1967, its infrastructure and waste were abandoned under the assumption they would be entombed forever by perpetual snowfall. A 2016 study found that the portion of the ice sheet covering Camp Century will start to melt by the year 2100, if current trends continue.[11] When the ice melts, the camp’s infrastructure, as well as any remaining biological, chemical and radioactive waste, will re-enter the environment and potentially disrupt nearby ecosystems.[12][13][14]
See also[edit]
Camp Fistclench
References[edit]
^ Clark, Elmer F. (October 1965). Camp Century: Evolution of Concept and History of Design, Construction and Performance (PDF). Technical Report, United States Army Materiel Command Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-25.
^ Amstrup, Niels (1997-01-17). "Grønland under den kolde krig. Dansk og Amerikansk sikkerhedspolitik 1945–1968" [Greenland during the Cold War. Danish and American security policy 1945–1968]. Politica (in Danish). Copenhagen: Danish Institute of International Affairs. 29 (2): 215. Archived from the original on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
^ Feldman, Cassi (31 January 2016). "Cronkite visits "city under the ice" in 1961". 60 minutes overtime. CBSnews. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
^ US Army (1963). "Camp Century, Greenland, Project Iceworm: "City Under the Ice" R&D Progress Report 6". Youtube. US Army.
^ Petersen 2008, pp. 75–98; official purpose and size and length of Camp Century tunnels given on p.78.
^ United States Army (1961). M.F.5 9314 (Camp Century (1 of 4)) (Film) – via YouTube.
^ The U.S. Army's Top Secret Arctic City Under the Ice! "Camp Century" Restored Classified Film
^ Dansgaard, Willi (2005). Frozen Annals, Greenland Ice Cap Research (pdf). Icelandic Climate. Copenhagen: Niels Bohr Institute. pp. 54–63. ISBN 87-990078-0-0.
^ Petersen 2008, p. 80
^ Petersen 2008, p. 79
^ Colgan, William; Machguth, Horst; MacFerrin, Mike; Colgan, Jeff D.; van As, Dirk; MacGregor, Joseph A. (2016). "The abandoned ice sheet base at Camp Century, Greenland, in a warming climate". Geophysical Research Letters: 2016GL069688. doi:10.1002/2016GL069688. ISSN 1944-8007.
^ "Melting ice sheet could release frozen Cold War-era waste". August 4, 2016.
^ Christopher, Joyce (August 5, 2016). "Melting Ice In Greenland Could Expose Serious Pollutants From Buried Army Base". National Public Radio. Retrieved 2016-08-08.
^ Henley, Jon (27 September 2016). "Greenland's receding icecap to expose top-secret US nuclear project". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 27 September 2016.
Bibliography[edit]
"Aukstajā karā uzvarēja ledus" [Ice won the Cold War]. Ilustrētā zinātne [Science Illustrated] (in Latvian). Riga, Latvia: Bonnier Publications International A/S (34): 85. September 2008. ISSN 1691-256X.
Grant, Shelagh (2010). Polar Imperative: A History of Arctic Sovereignty in North America. Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 978-1-55365-418-6.
Petersen, Nikolaj (March 2008). "The Iceman That Never Came: 'Project Iceworm', the search for a NATO deterrent, and the Kingdom of Denmark, 1960–1962". Scandinavian Journal of History. 33 (1).
Suid, Lawrence H. (1990). The Army's Nuclear Power Program: Evolution of a Support Agency. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-313-27226-3. Camp Century and its PM-2A reactor covered by Suid in "Chapter 5: The Nuclear Power in Full Bloom", pp. 57–80.
Weiss, Erik D. (Fall 2001). "Cold War Under the Ice: The Army's Bid for a Long-Range Nuclear Role, 1959–1963". Journal of Cold War Studies. 3 (3): 31–58. doi:10.1162/152039701750419501. (Subscription required (help)).
Schrader, Christopher (2016-08-10). "Sauerei unter dem Eis. Ex-Militärbasis könnte Umweltkatastrophe auslösen". Süddeutsche Zeitung. 2016 (184): 16. (online)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Camp Century.The Big Picture: Camp Century
Camp Century, Greenland, Frank J. Leskovitz (including good pictures and diagrams)
U.S. Military Buildup of Thule, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Camp Century, thuleab.dk
Atomic Insights Nov 1995 Comments on army film.
Glaciological Studies in the Vicinity of Camp Century, Greenland
Documentary film on YouTube
As if there weren't already enough reasons to worry about climate change, you can add another to your list: toxic nuclear seepage.
Back in the Cold War, a lot of US defense strategy came down to placing nuclear weapons within a few minutes' striking distance of Soviet cities and bases.
That led the military to consider some bizarre real estate for its silos — including, for example, the moon.
But one (more feasibly earth-bound) project explored the possibility of embedding ballistic missiles within Greenland's ice sheet.
In 1959, the Army Corps of Engineers set up Camp Century — a network of tunnels underneath Greenland's frozen surface. By 1962, the site was a full-time hub for Project Iceworm, a plan to establish a "subsurface railway" servicing 600 buried ballistic missiles. At any given time, between 85 and 200 soldiers lived and worked in the Arctic base. A nuclear reactor powered the site.
Back in the Cold War, a lot of US defense strategy came down to placing nuclear weapons within a few minutes' striking distance of Soviet cities and bases.
That led the military to consider some bizarre real estate for its silos — including, for example, the moon.
But one (more feasibly earth-bound) project explored the possibility of embedding ballistic missiles within Greenland's ice sheet.
In 1959, the Army Corps of Engineers set up Camp Century — a network of tunnels underneath Greenland's frozen surface. By 1962, the site was a full-time hub for Project Iceworm, a plan to establish a "subsurface railway" servicing 600 buried ballistic missiles. At any given time, between 85 and 200 soldiers lived and worked in the Arctic base. A nuclear reactor powered the site.
Geophysical Research Letters
When the army abandoned Camp Century in 1967, it left behind a lot of waste, some of it radioactive, beneath the ice. Assuming that barren northwestern Greenland would lie frozen forever, it didn't seem worth the effort and expense to haul it all away.
A new paper in the journal Geophysical Research Letters shows that was not the wisest decision.
The pace of climate change in the Arctic has far exceeded that in the rest of the world. The researchers found that meltwater around Camp Century exceeds the annual freeze, meaning that eventually all that waste will end up exposed.
It could happen within just 88 years of melting at the current rate.
"The question is whether it's going to come out in hundreds of years, in thousands of years, or in tens of thousands of years," James White, a University of Colorado climate scientist who did not work on the study, said in a press release. "This stuff was going to come out anyway, but what climate change did was press the gas pedal to the floor and say, 'it's going to come out a lot faster than you thought.'"
An inventory of waste at the base found that in addition to the nuclear material at the site, building materials, oil, and years' worth of "grey water" — that is, sewage — pose a significant environmental hazard. And it's still unclear whether the US or Denmark, the country that controls Greenland, will take responsibility for handling the problem.
Ironically, Camp Century was one of the first sites where researchers began to bring climate science into the modern era. In 1964, Willi Dansgaard was allowed to examine ice cores drilled at the site and used them to show that ice cores capture memories of our planet's climate history.
When the army abandoned Camp Century in 1967, it left behind a lot of waste, some of it radioactive, beneath the ice. Assuming that barren northwestern Greenland would lie frozen forever, it didn't seem worth the effort and expense to haul it all away.
A new paper in the journal Geophysical Research Letters shows that was not the wisest decision.
The pace of climate change in the Arctic has far exceeded that in the rest of the world. The researchers found that meltwater around Camp Century exceeds the annual freeze, meaning that eventually all that waste will end up exposed.
It could happen within just 88 years of melting at the current rate.
"The question is whether it's going to come out in hundreds of years, in thousands of years, or in tens of thousands of years," James White, a University of Colorado climate scientist who did not work on the study, said in a press release. "This stuff was going to come out anyway, but what climate change did was press the gas pedal to the floor and say, 'it's going to come out a lot faster than you thought.'"
An inventory of waste at the base found that in addition to the nuclear material at the site, building materials, oil, and years' worth of "grey water" — that is, sewage — pose a significant environmental hazard. And it's still unclear whether the US or Denmark, the country that controls Greenland, will take responsibility for handling the problem.
Ironically, Camp Century was one of the first sites where researchers began to bring climate science into the modern era. In 1964, Willi Dansgaard was allowed to examine ice cores drilled at the site and used them to show that ice cores capture memories of our planet's climate history.
