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23 Jan 2020

Emerging technologies


Emerging technologies 


Emerging technologies are those technical innovations that represent progressive innovations within a field for competitive advantage.[1]


Contents
Agriculture[edit]
Emerging technologyStatusPotential applicationsRelated articlesAgricultural robot[2] Research and development, trial projects Agricultural drone
Closed ecological systems[3][4][5] Research and development, working demonstrators (e.g. Biosphere 2) Agriculture, scientific research, space colonization Greenhouse, Biosphere 2, Eden Project, Bioshelter, Seawater greenhouse, Perpetual harvest greenhouse system
Cultured meat Research and development[6][7] Humane, resource-efficient, healthier and cheaper meat[7] New Harvest
Vertical farming Research, development, experiments, and diffusion[8][9][10] Crop and meat production 

Aviation[edit]
Emerging technologyStatusPotential applicationsRelated articlesNeural-sensing headset (trans-cranial neural sensing and characterization).[11] Research and development Assisting pilots Brain–computer interface, neuroprosthetics

Construction[edit]
Emerging technologyStatusPotential applicationsRelated articlesClaytronics Hypothetical, experiment 
Four-dimensional printing Research and development 
Utility fog Hypothetical, experiment 

Architecture[edit]
Emerging technologyStatusPotential applicationsRelated articlesArcology Research, development, commercialization 
Domed city In progress in Dubai[12] Mall of the World project that is being scaled down Weather-controlled city, colonization of other bodies 

Materials science[edit]
Emerging technologyStatusPotential applicationsRelated articlesAerogel Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion, early uses[13] Improved insulation, insulative glass if it can be made clear, sleeves for oil pipelines, aerospace, high-heat & extreme cold applications 
Amorphous metal Experiments Armor 
Bioplastic Some products developed 
Conductive polymers Research, experiments, prototypes Lighter and cheaper wires, antistatic materials, organic solar cells Jacquard weaving
Cryogenic treatment Research, experiments, prototypes Oil and gas Blowout preventers (BOP), jet engines, power turbines, locomotives, electric vehicles, gears and bearings 
Dynamic Armor Prototypes Better protection for ships from shaped charge weapons 
Fullerene Experiments, diffusion Programmable matter 
Graphene Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion, early uses[14][15] Components with higher strength to weight ratios, transistors that operate at higher frequency, lower cost of display screens in mobile devices, storing hydrogen for fuel cell powered cars, sensors to diagnose diseases, more efficient batteries[16]
Lab-on-a-chip Some commercialization 
High-temperature superconductivity Cryogenic receiver front-end (CRFE) RF and microwave filter systems for mobile phone base stations; prototypes in dry ice; Hypothetical and experiments for higher temperatures[17] No loss conductors, frictionless bearings, magnetic levitation, lossless high-capacity accumulators, electric cars, heat-free integral circuits and processors 
Magnetic nanoparticles In development 
Magnetorheological fluid developed and researched Magnetorheological damper heavy motor damping, operator seat/cab damping in construction vehicles, seismic dampers positioned in building absorbing detrimental shock waves and oscillations within the structure making them earthquake-proof, enhance body armour fluid bullet resistant, Humvees, and various other all-terrain vehicles employ dynamic MR shock absorbers/dampers. Magnetorheological finishing was used in the construction of the Hubble Space Telescope's corrective lens, shock absorbers of a vehicle's suspension are filled with magnetorheological fluid. Electrorheological fluid
High-temperature superfluidity Superfluid gyroscopes already exist but work at very low temperatures High-precision measure of gravity, navigation and maneuver devices, possible devices to emit gravitomagnetic field, frictionless mechanical devices 
Metal foam Research, commercialization Space colonies, floating cities 
Multi-function structures[19] Hypothetical, experiments, some prototypes, few commercial Wide range, e.g., self health monitoring, self healing material, morphing 
Nanomaterials: carbon nanotubes Hypothetical, experiments, diffusion, early uses[20][21] Stronger, lighter materials, space elevator Potential applications of carbon nanotubes, carbon fiber
Programmable matter Hypothetical, experiments[22][23] Wide range, e.g., claytronics, synthetic biology
Quantum dots Research, experiments, prototypes,[24] commercialized Quantum dot laser, quantum dot display, future use as programmable matter in display technologies (TV, projection), optical data communications (high-speed data transmission), medicine (laser scalpel) 
Silicene Hypothetical, research 
Superalloy Research, diffusion Aircraft jet engines 
Synthetic diamond Research, commercialization Electronics 
Time crystals Research experiments[25] Quantum computers with stable qubits 
Translucent concrete Commercialization Construction of skyscrapers, towers, and sculptures like Europe Gate 
Hypereutectic alloy Research, commercialization Metals Hypereutectic piston
Super-plastic alloy Research, commercialization Metals Superplasticity

Optoelectronics[edit]
Emerging technologyStatusPotential applicationsRelated articlesDrone display In use Artistic uses, advertising Swarm robotics
Flexible display Research, In use Displays over curved surfaces, Electronic scrolls, Wearable technology Electronic Paper
Laser video displays first commercial Laser TV in 2008, Mitsubishi LaserVue TV Displays with very wide colour gamut Laser TV, Comparison of display technology
Optical transistor Some prototypes 
Screenless display (Virtual retinal display, Bionic contact lens, Augmented reality, virtual reality) Hypothetical, experiments Augmented reality could allow the user to reference the blue prints like in a construction yard, in a 3D manner; Delivers the user constant up to date information on the stock market, the user's corporation, and meeting statuses, visual disabilities Head-mounted display, Head-up display, adaptive optics, EyeTap, Google Glass, Microsoft HoloLens, AR cloud[30]

Electronics[edit]
Emerging technologyStatusPotential applicationsRelated articlesBiometrics Diffusion 
Electronic nose Research, commercialization[31][32] Detecting spoiled food, chemical weapons and cancer 
E-textiles Research, diffusion[33]
Flexible electronics Commercialization, research, development, some prototypes Flexible and folding electronic devices (such as smartphones), Flexible solar cells which are lightweight, can be rolled up for launch, and are easily deployable Nokia Morph, Flexible organic light-emitting diode
Molecular electronics Research and development 
Nanoelectromechanical systems Research and development 
Solid-state transformer In development, some prototypes 
Spintronics Working prototypes[44] Data storage, computing devices MRAM
Thermal copper pillar bump Working prototypes in discrete devices Electric circuit cooling; micro-fluidic actuators; small-device thermoelectric power generation Ultra high definition holographic disc, Metal–insulator transition
Three-dimensional integrated circuit In development, commercialised Memory and data processing 
Twistronics In development 

Energy[edit]
Emerging technologyStatusPotential applicationsRelated articlesAirborne wind turbine Research[45][46][47] Producing electricity KiteGen
Americium battery Estimated of working battery in 5–10 years from 2019.[48]
Artificial photosynthesis Research, experiments[49] growing interest in a macroscience global project[50] Improve natural photosynthesis, so roads buildings and vehicles convert sunlight and water into hydrogen and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates Sustainocene, Renewable energy, Nanotechnology
Concentrated solar power Growing markets in California, Spain, Northern Africa[51] Producing electricity DESERTEC, BrightSource Energy, Solar Millennium
Cryogenic treatment Subsea and deep water oil and gas exploration; wind and fossil fuel electric power generation, nuclear power Oil and gas blowout preventers (BOP), jet engines, power turbines, locomotives, electric vehicles, gears and bearings 
Electric double-layer capacitor Diffusion, continued development[52] Regenerative braking; energy storage: generally faster charging, longer lasting, more flexible, greener 
Energy harvesting Experiments Constant energy source for mobile, wearable and ubiquitous devices Humavox
Flywheel energy storage Some commercial examples 
Fusion power Hypothetical, experiments Producing electricity, heat, fusion torch recycling with waste heat ITER, NIF, Polywell, Dense plasma focus, Muon-catalyzed fusion, Wendelstein 7-X
Generation IV reactor Research, experiments Producing electricity, heat, transmutation of nuclear waste stockpiles from traditional reactors 
Gravity battery Small-scale examples 
Grid energy storage Increasing use 
Home fuel cell Research, commercialisation[53][54][55] Off-the-grid, producing electricity Autonomous building, Bloom Energy Server
Lithium-air battery Research, experiments[57] Laptops, mobile phones, long-range electric cars; storing energy for electric grid
Lithium iron phosphate battery Commercialization 
Lithium–sulfur battery Research and development 
Magnesium battery Early commercialization 
Magnonics Research Data storage 
Molten salt reactor Research, experiments Producing electricity, heat 
Nanowire battery Experiments, prototypes[58][59] Laptops, mobile phones, long-range electric cars; storing energy for electric grid
Nantenna Research[60][61][62] Producing electricity 
Solid-state battery Niche uses Hybrid cars 
Space-based solar power Hypothetical 
Thorium fuel cycle Research started in the 1960s, still ongoing Producing electricity, heat 
Vortex engine Power generation. 
Wireless energy transfer Prototypes, diffusion, short range consumer products[66][67] Wirelessly powered equipment: laptop, cell phones, electric cars, etc. WiTricity, resonant inductive coupling
Zero-energy building Expansion All homes Passive house

Entertainment[edit]
Emerging technologyStatusPotential applicationsRelated articlesComputer-generated imagery Developing Films, photos Deepfake, StyleGAN, DeepDream
Immersive virtual reality Hypothetical, limited commercialization An artificial environment where the user feels just as immersed as they usually feel in consensus reality. Virtusphere, 3rd Space Vest, haptic suit, immersive technology, simulated reality, holodeck (fictional)

IT and communications[edit]
Emerging technologyStatusPotential applicationsRelated articles5G cellular communications Research and development, Early commercialization Smartphones, Tablets
6G cellular communications[68] Conceptual Smartphone
Ambient intelligence Hypothetical 
Artificial general intelligence Hypothetical, experiments;[70][71][72] Creating intelligent devices and robots; AI can counsel (or even take charge) in scientific projects, government, army, corporate governance, film and books creation, inventions etc. Progress in artificial intelligence, technological singularity, applications of artificial intelligence
Atomtronics Hypothetical 
Blockchain or distributed ledger technology[73] Diffusion Eliminating or lowering transaction costs; distributed, open and transparent record keeping; non-hierarchical networked systems; cryptography[74] Bitcoin, Digital currency, Cryptocurrency, e-democracy
Carbon nanotube field-effect transistor Research and development Extending Moore's law
Civic technology Research and development, projects Smart cities, more responsive government Civic technology, Smart city, e-democracy, open data, intelligent environment
DNA digital data storage Experiments Mass data storage 
Exascale computing Projects 
Gesture recognition Diffusion 
Internet of Things Diffusion 
Emerging magnetic data storage technologies In development (HAMR, BPM); diffusion (SMR) Greatly improved storage density compared to current HDDs, can be combined SMR, HAMR, BPM, MAMR, TDMR, CPP/GMR, PMR, Hard disk drive
Fourth-generation optical discs (3D optical data storage, Holographic data storage) Research, prototyping[75] Storing and archiving data previously erased for economic reasons Blu-ray Disc, Optical storage
General-purpose computing on graphics processing units Diffusion of non standardized methods Order of magnitude faster processing of parallelizable algorithms 
Exocortex Diffusion of primitive amplifications; working prototypes of more; Hypothetical, experiments on more substantial amplification 
Li-Fi Demos, requires standardization 
Machine translation Diffusion[76][77] Easier and cheaper cross-cultural communication 
Machine vision Research, prototyping, commercialization[69] Biometrics, controlling processes (e.g., in driverless car, automated guided vehicle), detecting events (e.g., in visual surveillance), interaction (e.g., in human-computer interaction), robot vision Computer vision, pattern recognition, digital image processing
Mobile collaboration and e-learning Development, commercialization[78] Extends the capabilities of video conferencing for use on hand-held mobile devices in real-time over secure networks. For use in diverse industries such as manufacturing, energy, healthcare.[79] Telework
Multimodal contactless biometric face/iris systems Deployed at various airports and federal security checkpoints[80] Unimodal facial recognition scanners 
Nanoradio Research & Development, diffusion 
Navigation Doppler lidar Under development[81]
Neuromorphic engineering Research & development 
Optical computing Hypothetical, experiments; some components of integrated circuits have been developed[82] Smaller, faster, lower power consuming computing 
Quantum computing Hypothetical, experiments,[83] commercialization[84] Much faster computing, for some kinds of problems, chemical modeling, new materials with programmed properties, Hypothetical of high-temperature superconductivity and superfluidity
Quantum cryptography Commercialization[85] Secure communications 
Quantum radar Prototypes 
Radio-frequency identification Diffusion of high cost[86][87][88] Smartstores – RFID based self checkout (keeping track of all incoming and outgoing products), food packaging, smart shelves, smart carts. See: potential uses
Semantic Web or answer machine Research, limited use Making the web machine-readable by annotating data on the web based on its meaning Corporate Semantic Web, Semantic Web Services, Semantic Web Stack, Web 3.0
Smart speaker Commercialization Home automation, communication with people and machines Amazon Echo, Google Home, HomePod
Speech recognition Research, development, commercialization 
Subvocal recognition Research, development, commercialization 
Virtual Reality Diffusion Entertainment, education Oculus Rift, HTC Vive, PlayStation VR
X-ray communication Demonstrations [89]
Hybrid forensics[90] Research, commercialization digital forensics, electronic discovery, malware detection, IT compliance 

Medical[edit]
Emerging technologyStatusPotential applicationsRelated articlesArtificial uterus Hypothetical, research space travel, extracorporeal pregnancy, Reprogenetics, same-sex procreation
Cryonics Hypothetical, research, commercialization (e.g. Cryonics Institute) Life extension
De-extinction Research, development, trials Animal husbandry, pets, zoos Recreating the woolly mammoth species
Human DNA vaccination Clinical trials 
Enzybiotics Successful first trials 
Genetic engineering of organisms and viruses Research, development, commercialization[91][92] Creating and modifying species (mainly improving their physical and mental capabilities), bio-machines, eliminating genetic disorders (gene therapy), new materials production,[93] healthier and cheaper food, creating drugs and vaccines, research in natural sciences, bioremediation,[94] detecting arsenic,[95] CO2 reducing superplant,[96] Biopunk, Genetically modified food, superhuman, human enhancement, transhumanism, gene doping, designer baby, genetic pollution
Hibernation or suspended animation Research, development, animal trials[97] Organ transplantation, space travel, prolonged surgery, emergency care 
Nanomedicines Research, experiments, limited use[100][101]
Nanosensors Research and development 
Omni Processor Research and development; some prototypes 
Oncolytic virus Human trials (Talimogene laherparepvec, reolysin, JX-594), commercialisation (H101) Cancer therapy, imaging Oncolytic virus
Personalized medicine, full genome sequencing Research, experiments[102] Personalized medical procedures, genome sequencing during drug trials Personal genomics
Phage therapy First trial uses 
Plantibody clinical trials 
Senolytic Under investigation 
Stem cell treatments Research, experiments, phase I human trial spinal cord injury treatment (GERON), cultured cornea transplants[107][108] Treatment for a wide range of diseases and injuries Stem cell, stem cell treatments, Skin cell gun,
Synthetic biology, synthetic genomics Research, development, first synthetic bacteria created May 2010[109][110] Creating infinitely scalable production processes based on programmable species of bacteria and other life forms BioBrick, iGEM, synthetic genomics
Tricorder Research and development Diagnosing medical conditions Medical tricorder
Virotherapy Research, human trials Gene therapy, cancer therapy Virotherapy, Oncolytic Virus

Neuroscience[edit]
Emerging technologyStatusPotential applicationsRelated articlesBrain-computer interface Research and commercialization Faster communication and learning and "more real" entertainment (generation of feelings and information in brain on-demand). Control emotions in the mentally ill[116] Experience machine, Neuralink, Stent-electrode recording array
Electroencephalography Research, diffusion[119] Controlling electronic devices via brain waves BrainGate
Head transplant Success in animal experiments, including 2-headed result; human surgery as early as 2019 Treat debilitating disease or horrible disfigurement Brain transplant, hand transplantation, organ transplantation
Sonogenetics[121] Research; experimentation 

Military[edit]
Emerging technologyStatusPotential applicationsRelated articlesCaseless ammunition Field tests and some niche markets Warfare Lightweight Small Arms Technologies
Cloaking device Successful experiments cloaking small objects under some conditions[122] Cloaking microscope tips at optical frequencies Metamaterial cloaking
Directed energy weapon Research, development, some prototypes[123] Warfare Laser Weapon System
Electrolaser Research and development 
Electromagnetic weapons Research and development[124][125] Warfare Coilgun, Railgun
Electrothermal-chemical technology Research and development Tank, artillery, and close-in weapon systems 
Force field Hypothetical, experiments[126] Military and law enforcement, space travel Plasma window
Green bullet Development Environment-friendly ammunition 
Laser weapon Research and development, trials Tracking and destruction of rockets, bombs, drones etc.[127] Advanced Tactical Laser, High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System
MAHEM In development 
Particle beam weapon Research and development Warfare Strategic Defense Initiative
Plasma weapon Research 
Pure fusion weapon Hypothetical 
Sonic weapon Research and development 
Vortex ring gun Research and development Crowd control 
Wireless long-range electric shock weapon Expansion Law enforcement guns 

Space[edit]
Emerging technologyStatusPotential applicationsRelated articlesAnti-gravity Hypothetical and experiments[128][129]
Artificial gravity Research, development Space Travel 
Asteroid mining Hypothetical, NASA has announced plans to capture and redirect an asteroid.[130] Commerce, resource supply 
Hypertelescope Hypothetical Astronomy 
Starshot Research 
Stasis Chamber Experimental, Research and development[131] Interplanetary space travel, interstellar space travel, medical 
Solar gravitational lens Hypothetical Deep space observation FOCAL
Inflatable space habitat Developed, prototypes built and tested Space habitats Bigelow Aerospace
Miniaturized satellite Development, early commercialization, diffusion Inexpensive satellites, constellations for low data rate communications, using formations to gather data from multiple points, in-orbit inspection of larger satellites. 
Reusable rocket technology for orbital rockets Several companies, including Blue Origin and SpaceX, are developing the technologies. Expendable launch vehicles may become cost prohibitive except for national government or military missions. New Glenn, SpaceX Starship

Robotics[edit]
Emerging technologyStatusPotential applicationsRelated articlesAndroid, gynoid Research, development, prototypes, diffusion, commercializing[132] Disabled, infant and older people care, housekeeping, sex-worker, flight-attendant, model, hostess, waiter, security guard 
Gastrobot Some prototypes 
Molecular nanotechnology, nanorobotics Hypothetical, experiments[133] Machines (desktop, industrial) that can make anything given the materials (e.g. Rotimatic), cheap planetary terraforming
Powered exoskeleton Research, development, prototypes, diffusion, commercializing[134] Heavy lifting, paralysis, muscle related diseases, warfare, construction, firefighting, care for the elderly and disabled. LOPES (exoskeleton), ReWalk, Human Universal Load Carrier, fictional armor Iron Man's armor, Future Force Warrior
Self-reconfiguring modular robot Hypothetical, experiments, early prototypes As a universal physical machine, SRCMR may change the way we make many physical structures and machines Robot, swarm robotics, autonomous research robot
Unmanned vehicle Research and development, diffusion, commercial Transport of goods (e.g. food), mass surveillance, eavesdropping, oceanography, commercial aerial livestock monitoring, wildfire mapping, pipeline security, home security, road patrol and anti-piracy, patrol the nation's borders, scout property, and hunt down fugitives, oil, gas and mineral exploration and production, geophysical surveys, geomagnetic surveys, scientific research in areas too dangerous for pilots like a hurricane tornado hunter, firefighting,[136] military operations and peacekeeping operations, search and rescue, explosives and bomb disposal, gatekeeper and checkpoint operations, urban street presence, police raids in urban settings. Unmanned aerial vehicle, AeroVironment, AeroVironment Global Observer, AeroVironment Nano Hummingbird, Unmanned combat air vehicle, Unmanned ground vehicle, Unmanned space vehicle, Unmanned surface vehicle, Unmanned underwater vehicle, Autonomous underwater vehicle

Transport[edit]
Emerging technologyStatusPotential applicationsRelated articlesAirless tire Research, development, early prototypes[137][138] Safer tires Tweel
Electro hydrodynamic propulsion Research, development, prototypes[139][140] Better flying transportation, efficient propulsion in air Electrohydrodynamics
Flying car Early commercialization, prototypes[146][147] More effective transportation Terrafugia Transition, Moller M400 Skycar, Urban Aeronautics X-Hawk, AeroMobil
Fusion rocket Research, development[148] Fast interplanetary travel, with limited Interstellar applications 
Hoverbike Working prototypes, early commercialization Package delivery, search and rescue
Hovertrain, Ground effect train Research, development[149][150] Trains with higher speed Aérotrain, Duke Hospital PRT, Hovercraft
High Altitude Platforms Experimentation Communications 
Jet pack or backpack helicopter Early commercialization, prototypes[151] More effective transportation 
Maglev train, Vactrain Research, early commercialization[152][153][154] Trains with higher speed Transrapid, Shanghai Maglev Train, Linimo
Magnetic levitation Research, development, Commercialization (Maglev Train) High temperature superconductivity, cryogenics, low temperature refrigerators, superconducting magnet design and construction, fiber reinforced plastics for vehicles and structural concretes, communication and high power solid-state controls, vehicle design (aerodynamics and noise mitigation), precision manufacturing, construction and fabrication of concrete structures,[155] maglev car, maglev based spacecraft launch Vactrain, Levicar
Mass driver Prototypes 
Nuclear photonic rocket Hypothetical Interplanetary travel
Personal rapid transit Early commercialization, diffusion[156][157] More effective transportation Morgantown PRT, ULTra
Photon rocket Hypothetical Local interstellar travel 
Photonic laser thruster Prototypes 
Scooter-sharing system Commercialization Increased density[159] Bird (company)
Vactrain Research, development Faster way to get somewhere ET3 Global Alliance, Hyperloop
Propellant depot Research, development enabling deep-space missions with more massive payloads, satellite life extension, ultimately lowering the cost per kg launched to space 
Pulse detonation engine Testbed demos Fast interplanetary travel, with some possible interstellar travel applications 
Reusable launch system Research, early commercialization Surface-to-orbit transport Falcon 9, Falcon Heavy, SpaceX Starship, New Glenn
Supersonic transport Commercialization, diffusion Airliner with higher speed Concorde, Tupolev Tu-144
Vehicular communication systems Research and development, some diffusion Vehicle safety obstacle inform others warnings on entering intersections, traffic management, accommodating ambulances, fire trucks, and police cars to a specific situation such as hot pursuits and bad weather, driver assistance systems, automated highways. Artificial Passenger, Dedicated short-range communications, Intelligent transportation system

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]
References[edit]

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