standing wave and wave propagation and the DNA effects

standing wave and wave propagation and the DNA effects

rapidly fluctuating between these two states creates a standing wave that is projected globally and is responsible for amongst many other things the attraction of organic matter polymers and gene nucleotides to form

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5746568/

The interaction between electromagnetic fields at megahertz, gigahertz and terahertz frequencies with cells, tissues and organisms: risks and potential

Sergii Romanenko,1 Ryan Begley,1 Alan R. Harvey,2,3 Livia Hool,2,4 and Vincent P. Wallace1

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ABSTRACT

Since regular radio broadcasts started in the 1920s, the exposure to human-made electromagnetic fields has steadily increased. These days we are not only exposed to radio waves but also other frequencies from a variety of sources, mainly from communication and security devices. Considering that nearly all biological systems interact with electromagnetic fields, understanding the affects is essential for safety and technological progress. This paper systematically reviews the role and effects of static and pulsed radio frequencies (100–109 Hz), millimetre waves (MMWs) or gigahertz (109–1011 Hz), and terahertz (1011–1013 Hz) on various biomolecules, cells and tissues. Electromagnetic fields have been shown to affect the activity in cell membranes (sodium versus potassium ion conductivities) and non-selective channels, transmembrane potentials and even the cell cycle. Particular attention is given to millimetre and terahertz radiation due to their increasing utilization and, hence, increasing human exposure. MMWs are known to alter active transport across cell membranes, and it has been reported that terahertz radiation may interfere with DNA and cause genomic instabilities. These and other phenomena are discussed along with the discrepancies and controversies from published studies.

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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273889496_Targeted_and_non-targeted_effects_of_ionizing_radiation

Targeted and non-targeted effects of ionizing radiation Q7 Omar Desoukya,*, Nan Dinb, Guangming Zhouba Radiation Physics Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt Department of Space Radiobiology, Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China Article info Article history:Received 26 February 2015Accepted 6 March 2015Available online xxxKeywords:Target theoryBystander effectAdaptive response Radiation protection Linear non-threshold abstract For a long time it was generally accepted that effects of ionizing radiation such as cell death, chromosomal aberrations, DNA damage, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis result from direct ionization of cell structures, particularly DNA, or from indirect damage through reactive oxygen species produced by radiolysis of water, and these biological effects were attributed to irreparable or faultily repaired DNA damage in cells directly hit by radiation. Using Linear non-threshold model (LNT), possible risks from exposure to low dose ionizing radiation (below 100 mSv) are estimated by extrapolating from data obtained after exposure to higher doses of radiation. This model has been challenged by numerous observations, in which cells that were not directly traversed by the ionizing radiation exhibited responses similar to those of the directly irradiated cells. Therefore, it is nowadays accepted that the detrimental effects of ionizing radiation are not restricted only in the irradiated cells, but also to non-irradiated bystander or even distant cells manifesting various biological effects.Copyright ©2015, The Egyptian Society of Radiation Sciences and Applications. Production And hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation" by Paul A. Heiney