The Great Pyramid’s conspicuous speed of light latitude is no accident. a rework by DL aka moi
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306097887_The_Great_Pyramid's_conspicuous_speed_of_light_latitude_is_no_accidentRobin James Spivey
Earth & Sun Association, Omega Society
(Allegedly:DL.) The Great Pyramid was built ∼4500 (more like 450,000+ DL it was just a refit 4500 to repair the insulation casing stones) years ago but a neighbouring monument exhibits
considerably greater signs of ageing. Sea levels were appreciably lower at the end of the Ice Age when Giza was situated at the intersection of the lengthiest geodesic and parallel over land, a record of a carving of the Sphinx appears to have commemorated. The Sphinx patiently weathered a hostile climate until the Great Pyramid was constructed, whose latitude in degrees tallies with the speed of light, c=299,792 km·s−1, to six significant digits. The pyramid’s geometry showcases both π and the golden ratio, φ,
with the conjunction π−φ2≈π/6≈φ2/5 not only providing a natural basis for the cubit/metre ratio but also approximating the speed-of-light latitude in radians. Its scaling reflects the size of the Earth and its rotation rate. By relating cubits to metres and days to
seconds, this mighty monument quite deliberately encodes the value of c,
(speed of light 3x10 8)
Speed of Light
Name Symbol Value
Speed of light in a vacuum c 3.00 × 108 m/s
DL)
figuratively:
permitting the conversion of energy to mass. Parallels exist with a recent analysis of Avebury,
(a man made natural form of a closed circuit magnetic loop a S.E.G constructed to generate power from rotational energy DL)
which also demonstrates ancient knowledge of modern physics.
Introduction
It was recently pointed out that the 5,000 year old henge at
Avebury situated at latitude 2π/7 radians might have been deliberately constructed as a tribute to a cluster of astronomical
events closely coinciding with the 2016 summer solstice, conveying not only ancient knowledge of the Earth’s geography
and orbital mechanics but also precognition of modern particle physics. Highlighting the importance of investigating
facts that seemingly imply the ‘impossible’, this work now
turns to address the Great Pyramid of Giza, finding that it also
unambiguously encodes information hitherto regarded as the
exclusive preserve of recent human generations.
Phi in the sky, Pi on the ground
The construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza was an astonishing achievement, possibly completed in just a single
generation during the 26th century BC (24920+ years for a full rotation or any multiple or divisor of equal whole number thereof half cycle 12960 so it's speculative at best, precession of the equinoxes refers to the observable phenomena of the rotation of the heavens, a cycle which spans a period of (approximately) 25,920 years DL). It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the sole remaining example (Untrue DTM Source GEBCO_2014 Latitude 51.24811006020702 Longitude -19.581972526582064. Depth average 2455.6m see https://portal.emodnet-bathymetry.eu/ discovered by Moi DL +3 more sites of historic value) At the time of its erection, primitive irregular ditches were still being dug in the British Isles using antler picks. Whereas Stonehenge may have been magnetically aligned to Avebury and Glastonbury Tor, the pyramids of Giza are aligned within 0.05◦of true north. How was this possible?, (advanced technology and understanding and then applying those principles to everything DL) The pyramids themselves suggest an answer. The ancient Egyptians had a fascination for the circumpolar stars owing to their perpetual presence in the night sky, never dipping below the horizon. On a clear night, a star near celestial north can be visually aligned with the apex of a pyramid. Observers can record their location on the ground and repeat the process as the chosen star circles the skyward projection of the Earth’s rotation axis. A line between the mean of this distribution and the pyramid’s apex can provide reliable alignment to true north, even if it is not understood that the world is spherical and spinning around an axis whose orientation changes little during a human lifespan (untrue it does change its just that's slow you don't notice it. precession of the equinox effects orbital wobble Effects of precession on Earth's axis of rotation. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Also moving with this wobble is the projection onto the sky of Earth's Equator. ... The equinoxes drift westward along the ecliptic at the rate of 50.3 arcseconds annually as the celestial equator moves with Earth's precession DL)
(From around 2500 BCE, as Thuban became less and less aligned with the celestial north, Kochab became one pillar of the circumpolar stars first with Mizar, a star in the middle of the handle of the Big Dipper (Ursa Major), and later with Pherkad (in Ursa Minor).[20] In fact, circa the year 2467 BCE, the true north was best observed by drawing a plumb line between Mizar and Kochab, a fact with which the ancient Egyptians were well acquainted as they aligned the great Pyramid of Giza with it.[20] This cycle of the succession of pole stars occurs due to the precession of the equinoxes. Kochab and Mizar were referred to by Ancient Egyptian astronomers as "The Indestructibles" lighting the North.[20] As precession continues, by the year 1100 BCE Kochab is within roughly 7° of the northern celestial pole, with old references over emphasizing this near pass by mentioning Beta Ursae Minoris as "Polaris",[21] relating it to the current pole star, Polaris, which is slightly brighter and will have a much closer alignment of less than 0.5° by 2100 AD.[22]
This change in the identity of the pole stars is a result of Earth's precessional motion. After 2000 BCE, Kochab and a new star, its neighbor Pherkad, were closer to the pole and together served as twin pole stars, circling the North Pole, from around 1700 BCE until just after 300 AD. Neither star was as proximitous to the celestial north pole as Polaris is now.[23] Today, they are sometimes referred to as the "Guardians of the Pole."[23]
The star Thuban was closely aligned with celestial north around the time the Giza pyramids were constructed but this method of determining north could also have been used with brighter circumpolar stars too such as Kochab or Mizar
(Proper noun. Thuban. (astronomy) A white giant star in the constellation Draco; Alpha (α) Draconis. It was the pole star 5000 years ago Thuban, designation Alpha Draconis, is a star in the constellation of Draco. A relatively inconspicuous star in the night sky of the Northern Hemisphere, it is historically significant as having been the north pole star from the 4th to 2nd millennium BCE. Wikipedia
Distance to Earth: 303.3 light years
Surface temperature: 9,800 K
Declination: 64° 22′ 33.062″
Right ascension: 14h 04m 23.3498s
Constellation: Draco
Spectral type: A0III
(AKA Beta Ursae Minoris (β Ursae Minoris, abbreviated Beta UMi, β UMi), formally named Kochab /ˈkoʊkæb/,[10][11] is the brightest star in the bowl of the Little Dipper asterism (which is part of the constellation of Ursa Minor), and only slightly fainter than Polaris, the northern pole star and brightest star in Ursa Minor. Kochab is 16 degrees from Polaris and has an apparent visual magnitude of 2.08.[2] The distance to this star from the Sun can be deduced from the parallax measurements made during the Hipparcos mission, yielding a value of 130.9 light-years (40.1 parsecs).[1]
Amateur astronomers can use Kochab as a very precise guide for setting up a telescope, as the celestial north pole is located 43 arcminutes away from Polaris, very close to the line connecting Polaris with Kochab.[12] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Ursae_Minoris DL)
or Mizar.
(Mizar /ˈmaɪzɑːr/[15] is a second-magnitude star in the handle of the Big Dipper asterism in the constellation of Ursa Major. It has the Bayer designation ζ Ursae Majoris (Latinised as Zeta Ursae Majoris). It forms a well-known naked eye double star with the fainter star Alcor, and is itself a quadruple star system. The whole system lies about 83 light-years away from the Sun, as measured by the Hipparcos astrometry satellite, and is part of the Ursa Major Moving Group. The traditional name Mizar derives from the Arabic المئزر miʼzar meaning 'apron; wrapper, covering, cover'.[16] DL)
The main caveat is that the gradient of the pyramid should exceed its geographical latitude. For the Great Pyramid, an observer on the ground would be standing almost 250 m from its apex and an inaccuracy of 0.05◦ would equate to a transverse offset of 200 mm, exceeding the interpupillary distance in humans. The circumference of a circle divided by its diameter is represented by the number π. Since π is transcendental it is impossible to draw a straight line of length π by geometrical construction. Conversely, two lines can be drawn in the golden ratio, which is often denoted by the Greek symbol phi whose value is φ=(1 +√5)/2≈1.61803. For example, the lines of a regular pentagram are subdivided in this ratio. A right-angled triangle whose shortest sides are unity and √φ has a hypotenuse of length φ. A cube of side length φ has faces of area 1+φ and volume 1+2φ. The ratio of consecutive numbers in the Fibonacci series asymptotically converge to φ. If Fk is the k−th Fibonacci number with F1=F2=1 then φk=Fkφ+Fk−1, even for negative k. The cosine of π/5 is φ/2. The golden ratio has a simple continued fraction, φ=1+1/(1 +1/(1 +. . .)), showing it to be irrational and highly resistant to rational approximation. Nevertheless, observe that √φ≈14/11. Using π≈22/7 and 22/7=4×11/14 one then finds √φ≈4/π. Consider now an {11, 14, √112+142=√317}right-angled triangle. By taking all possible ratios of two sides, three approximations for π emerge: 22/7, 56/√317 and p176/√317; along with three approximations for φ: (14/11)2, 317/196 and √317/11. Of these, the best approximation for π is 22/7 (an overestimate of about 0.040%) whereas the best approximation for φ is √317/11 (an overestimate of some 0.034%). One cannot simultaneously reduce both errors by tweaking the triangle’s geometry. The 14:11 ratio (see figure 1) is almost optimal in the sense of providing two approximations of comparable quality for πand φ. The two errors would be exactly equal if a ratio r=[( p1+64φ2/π2−1)/2]1/2≈ 2515/1976 ≈14.0005/11 were used instead. The simplest rational number in the interval (14/11,11r2/14) is 1255/986, 1
a cumbersome and unappealing fraction.
Although an {11, 14, √317}triangle could be marked on
the ground by means of standing stones, Avebury Henge at-
tests to the risk of vandalism. A 3-dimensional design pro-
vides greater resilience against seismic disturbances and malicious attacks. (earthquakes) The tetrahedron contains internal right-angled triangles, but a square-based pyramid allows for alignment
with all four cardinal directions and its geometry affords total
flexibility in the height:base ratio. It is thought the original
design template of the Great pyramid was based on a target
height of 280 cubits and square base of sides 440 cubits which
yields internal triangles in the desired 14:11 ratio.
Normalising the height of the pyramid to unity one finds
results that celebrate π. The base length is 11/7≈π/2 and
the perimeter 44/7≈2π. The distance along an edge from
apex to corner is √438/14 ≈p1+π2/8≈3/2, a reminder
that π≈√10. Each external face has approximately unit
area since 11 √317/196 ≈(π/4) p1+π2/16 ≈1. The total
volume of the pyramid comes to 121/147 ≈π2/12.
Alternatively, normalising the base length to unity show-
cases φ. The height is then 7/11 ≈√φ/2 and the slant length
√317/22 ≈φ/2. The combined area of the triangular faces is
√317/11 ≈φ and the total area of the pyramid, including the
base, comes to 1 +√317/11 ≈φ2. In this case, the volume
of the pyramid is 7/33 ≈√φ/6.
By comparing and relating approximations from the inter-
nal {11,14, √317}triangle alone, numerous expressions can
be obtained for φ in terms of π, some of which are presented
in table 1, arranged by accuracy. When inverted, they all yield
the same approximation, π≈4/√φ, as imposed by the geometry of the source triangle. (aka squaring the circle DL)
Table 1: Example approximations for φfrom the Great Pyramid
Expression Error
(2 +π2/42)/(1 +π2/42)+0.028%
√42+π2/π +0.059%
1+π2/42-0.073%
2−π4/44+0.090%
4/√42−π2-0.154%
42/π2+0.192%
1/(1 −π4/44) -0.236%
π2(2 +π2/42)/42-0.237%
π2/(42−π2) -0.500%
44/π4−1+0.622%
If the shortest sides of the internal triangles were scaled by
the factor 7π/22 ≈ 0.9996 then the best existing estimate for
π (i.e. 22/7) would be exact. This would necessitate a modest
increase in slope along the midline of each face. Even for
the Great Pyramid, these indentations would only amount to
a concavity of ∼46 mm. The original casing stones of highly
reflective white limestone were loosened by a major earthquake in the eastern Mediterranean in 1303. Posing a danger
to bystanders, they were subsequently removed and used in
other buildings. This exposed the core blocks, which can be
seen to exhibit indentations of almost a metre. This has been
known for centuries and is perceptible in some satellite imagery
Fig. 1: The Great Pyramid uses simple 11:14 right-angled triangle geometry to simultaneously generate good approximations for
π and the golden ratio φ, outperforming all alternative geometries
less complex than 986:1255, which would be more prone to erosion.
ages – see figure 2. The remains of the original casing stones
seem to be consistent with the pyramid having four flat faces,
though a small yet intentional indentation of the original fin-
ished faces cannot be discounted. The indentations hint that
π carries most significance whilst alluding to the importance
of the internal right-angled triangles of the pyramid and the
present interpretation that the geometry deliberately and simultaneously draws attention to both π and φ.
Ancient Riddles for Modern Times
The alignment of the Great Pyramid to true north required
ingenuity. Its colossal size demanded vast manpower, determination and natural resources. Although these things are not entirely beyond the realm of possibility, the geographical positioning of the Great Pyramid would have required knowledge of a kind the ancient Egyptians could not have credibly acquired without external input (or advanced tech and knowledge DL). Previous generations were fascinated to learn that the Great Pyramid is located barely a mile south of latitude 30 degrees north, prompting many to suspect that the ancient Egyptians understood that the world was round and had methods of estimating latitude.In this technological age of GPS navigation and the internet,more accurate data has become readily accessible. Some have been intrigued to discover that the Great Pyramid’s latitude matches, to jaw-dropping precision, the value of an extremely important physical constant – one that history tells us was not even roughly estimated until the 17th century.
From annual drift in the timing of the eclipses of Jupiter’s
moon Io, Ole Romer deduced in 1676 that light does not
travel at infinite speed. By 1862 Foucault had used a rotat-
ing mirror to measure its speed to an accuracy of 0.6%. The
Michelson-Morley experiment of 1887 subsequently showed
the speed of light, c, to be independent of the Earth’s motion
through space. This curious fact ultimately spurred Einstein
to conceive of relativity, leading him to conclude via E=mc2
Fig. 2: The Great Pyramid’s faces are slightly indented, most visible
here as a crease down the midline of the right face. The geometry
simultaneously encodes approximations for both π and φ, highlighting various relationships between them. The centre of the pyramid’s base lies just 11 metres south of the “speed of light latitude”, indicated here by the red dot, and challenging the history of science. that a little mass is equivalent to a huge energy. The speed
of light was standardised in 1983 to be 299,792,458 m·s−1
by definition. Since then, the S.I. unit of distance has been
derived from cand the S.I. unit of time. If latitudes are ex-
pressed in degrees, they cannot lie outside the range ±90◦, but can be scaled down by shifting the decimal point. Good geographical resolution is afforded by identifying the speed of
light with the latitude 29.9792458◦or 29◦58’45”. The apex
of the Great Pyramid of Giza is located at this very latitude
north of the equator to an accuracy of about six significant
digits, see figure 2.
Land is present at the same longitude as the Great Pyramid at latitude 30◦S so why might the northern hemisphere
have been selected? Notice that the Earth’s longest geodesic
traversing neither sea nor ocean involves a great circle segment that does not encroach on the southern hemisphere. The
distance from (6.745N, 11.385W) on the coast of Liberia to
(25.452N, 119.636E) on the Chinese coast opposite Taiwan is
13,642 km, see figure 3. This result is equivalent to more than
one third of the Earth’s circumference. It exceeds by 69 km a
similar suggestion mentioned on Wikipedia’s entry “Extreme
Points of Earth: along any great circle”: (5.048N, 9.123W) to
(28.285,121.638). Giza lies close to both options.
However, there are many possible locations along this
same geodesic and there is scope to alter the latitude since the
values of the physical constants have no intrinsic significance
(unless they happen to be dimensionless). Different definitions of length or time could have influenced the numerical
value of the speed of light.
Logistics would surely have been a paramount consideration when a suitable location for the Great Pyramid was selected. A plateau near a major river would be preferable, especially if there is a plentiful supply of easily worked sedimentary limestone nearby. It is known that ships transported stones and obelisks down the Nile to the Giza plateau during the erection of the pyramids and nearby temples. The river also facilitated the arrival of labourers from afar. The arid Egyptian climate benefits the preservation of limestone structures which suffer from chemical erosion on exposure to water and atmospheric carbon dioxide via the chemical reaction
CaCO3+CO2+H2O→Ca(HCO3)2.
The meridian that traverses most land lies over to the west
of Giza, deep within the Libyan Desert. The lengthiest path
of constant longitude that traverses neither sea nor ocean can
be found at a longitude of ∼99 degrees east. No line of
latitude today completely avoids both the Persian Gulf and
the Mediterranean but that may not have been true when the
Great Sphinx of Giza was constructed.
Many have concluded that the body of the Sphinx, as opposed to its disproportionate modern head is several thousand
years older than the Great Pyramid – see figure 5. Pronounced
vertical fissures exist in the enclosure walls of the Sphinx,
consistent with long-term exposure to heavy rainfall during
a much wetter climate predating the pyramids. This supports
Robert Bauval’s postulated correlation between the 45◦ orientation of the Giza pyramids and the stars of Orion’s belt during their 10,500 BC celestial nadir, (The nadir (/ˈneɪdɪər/, also UK: /ˈnædɪər/), (from Arabic: نظير / ALA-LC: naẓīr, meaning "counterpart") is the direction pointing directly below a particular location; that is, it is one of two vertical directions at a specified location, orthogonal to a horizontal flat surface there. Since the concept of being below is itself somewhat vague, scientists define the nadir in more rigorous terms. Specifically, in astronomy, geophysics and related sciences (e.g., meteorology), the nadir at a given point is the local vertical direction pointing in the direction of the force of gravity at that location. The direction opposite of the nadir is the zenith. DL)
when the eastward gaze of the Sphinx was directed towards the constellation Leo. This evidence was already persuasive but note that sea levels were over 100 m lower during the Ice Age, draining the northern end of the Persian Gulf and opening up a 12734 km path of constant latitude over land between (29.975N, 9.732W) near Agadir and (29.975N, 122.326E) near Shanghai. Indeed, the Sphinx may have been built when sea levels were only 5∼10 m lower, as the Ice Age came to an end (figure 3). Whilst the congruence between the Great Pyramid’s latitude and the speed of light entirely depends on the definition of the S.I. units, the positioning of Avebury at latitude 2π/7 radians clearly does not. This naturally implies that the Great Pyramid’s curious latitude may be no mere coincidence either, a conclusion strongly reinforced here by geographical considerations. To impressive accuracy, Giza is located at the intersection of the longest great circle path and the longest constant latitude path traversing neither sea nor ocean (figure 3). Could the S.I. units of length and time have been massaged to ensure that the latitude of the Great Pyramid, (quite possibly DL), when expressed in degrees, corresponds to the speed of light? Prior to the accurate measurement of c, which we can be confident the ancient Egyptians never attempted, the latitude of the Great Pyramid would have seemed unremarkable except perhaps for its proximity to 30 degrees north. This covertness was presumably intentional. Might there be some deliberate obfuscation of the longitude also? Quite possibly. By taking the six most significant digits of π, cyclically
permuting the lowermost three digits, and then cubing the
outcome 3.14591, the result tallies with the longitude of the
entrance to the Great Pyramid, 31.13428◦E. The alternative
π3≈31 could have aroused suspicion too early.
Fig. 3: Giza lies at the intersection of the world’s lengthiest great circle (13642 km) and the world’s lengthiest parallel over land (12734 km), a record set during the last ice age. Conveniently located near the Nile and a plentiful supply of limestone, the Great Pyramid has experienced little precipitation. In contrast, the Sphinx and its enclosure exhibits considerable erosion, much of it due to heavy rainfall.
The quantity π/4≈11/14 represents the area of a circle divided by the square of its diameter whereas φ has connections to the algebraic factorisation x2−a2=(x−a)(x+a). If x=φ then it is possible to write x=(x−1)(x+1). The Great Pyramid’s geometry draws attention to some interesting mathematical coincidences which all derive from the 14:11 ratio. Although 22/7 is a somewhat crude approximation for π, inferior to 355/113 in accuracy but not in simplicity, this geometrical arrangement is extremely difficult to improve upon if simultaneous approximations are sought for π and φ, and one is also interested in learning how the two might be related. In short, a remarkably sophisticated choice has been made, without recourse to alternatives far more convoluted than the elegant 14:11 ratio. Uglier alternatives such as 2515:1976 could hardly be expected to remain recognisable after 4500 years of weathering and vandalism. The ratio of the pyramid’s perimeter to its height is ∼2π, the combined area of its triangular faces divided by the base area is ∼φ and its total area divided by the base area is ∼φ2. The approximation φ≈√5π/6 has an error of less than 8 parts per million. Perhaps it does not appear in table 1 because it has another role. The length of the cubit, ∼523.5 mm, is accurately known e.g. from the dimensions of the granite- lined King’s Chamber within the Great Pyramid, a precision engineered room flaunting knowledge of the Pythagorean theorem. Notice that π−φ2≈0.52356 and so one cubit can be expressed as π−φ2 metres. With the Great Pyramid’s geometry drawing attention to π and φ, since 6φ2≈5π the astonishing conjunction π−φ2≈π/6≈φ2/5 clearly pertains to the cubit and indicates the predestination of the metre. That is not all. The quantity π−φ2 can represent an angle which accurately approximates the Great Pyramid’s latitude when converted to radians. Translating this angle (which also represents the cubit in metres) to degrees yields a good estimate for the speed of light in S.I. units. This cannot be due to some prank: continental shorelines dictate that Giza lies at the intersection of two important geographical routes. Much later, the metre was officially redefined as one ten millionth of the distance between the north pole and the equator in 1793, but this had no impact whatever on the cubit, which had always been related to the size of the Earth. Hence, the scaling of the Great Pyramid always has deliberately encoded information about the Earth’s size and the speed of light. Notice that the Great Pyramid’s original geometry was based on a 280:220 cubit triangle. Though the ancient Egyptians used the base ten numbering system, the nearest integer alternatives, preserving the 14:11 geometry, are 266:209 and 294:231 cubits, changing the overall scale by ∼5%
Fig. 4: The Great Sphinx guards the pyramids. After prolonged evolutionary turmoil, what might this ancient chimera signify? A change of scale by 5% would be disastrous, upsetting the following facts. Take double the base length, 880 cubits, and multiply it by the number of seconds in a day to obtain 39807 km. Take the slant length of the pyramid, 20 √317 cu- bits, and multiply it by the number of seconds in a minute (or minutes in an hour) and the number of seconds per hour to obtain 40269 km. Both results provide good estimates of the Earth’s circumference (6.371 million miles) but their mean, 40042 km, almost perfectly agrees with 40041.4 km, (interestingly 40269-39807 = 462, which is the 21st 22nd 23rd digits of π in order Pi = 3.1415926535897932384626433832.. twenty-eight decimals Phi = 1.6180339887.. ten decimals. 462-339 =123 like a-b-c in linear progression DL). the average of the Earth’s equatorial circumference and meridional circumference. An estimate of the Earth’s radius accurate to 0.6% can be had by multiplying the pyramid’s height (in royal cubit or standard or meters is unspecified i went for meters DL) by the seconds in 12 hours. (139m*43200s=600,4800 "six million, four thousand, eight hundred s (second) DL)" Multiply the height by seconds per hour and then 76, the number of years in four Metonic cycles (the longest possible solstice solar eclipse season), to derive the Earth’s circumference again. (139m*3600s*76=38 030 400 m s DL) Furthermore, the Earth’s total mass is ∼1015 times that of the pyramid and the equator travels a distance approximated by twice the pyramid’s base length each second due to the Earth’s rotation. Hence, the pyramid’s scaling demonstrates knowledge of the length of a second, minute and hour, in addition to the Earth’s size and rotation rate.
Reflections upon the Great Pyramid.
One can interpret the Great Pyramid as a sophisticated and subtle attempt to convince us that advanced intelligence long ago graced this planet. Its ingenious geometry draws attention to π and φ, both of which are elegantly related to the length of the ancient Egyptian cubit in metres. Much as the Earth’s circumference is π times its diameter, the cubit/metre ratio can be represented by the factors π/6, φ2/5 and π−φ2. Regarding these remarkably similar quantities as angles, conversion from radians to degrees using 180/π provides good estimates for the latitude of the Great Pyramid. The diameter of Avebury henge, a monument older than the Giza pyramids yet younger than the Sphinx, provides evidence that the designers anticipated the subdivision of a full rotation into 360 degrees. Multiplying the latitude of the Great Pyramid by ten million yields 299,792, the speed of light in km·s−1. The construction of this gargantuan monument was no frivolous exercise in communicating across a chasm of time, facts we are already aware of. There are many profound implications of the findings reported here, which this brief and necessarily superficial analysis can hardly be expected to fully address. It is quite plausible that the Great Pyramid exhorts us to believe that, with time, effort and patience, there is hope that even the greatest of mysteries might unravel. Giza, home of the ancient Sphinx and the world’s tallest pyramids, lies at the intersection of the longest great circle traversing neither sea nor ocean with the longest path of constant latitude traversing neither sea nor ocean. The construction of the Great Sphinx has in all probability commemorated this since the end of the Ice Age about 12,000 years ago. This accords with geological evidence and archaeoastronomical deductions based upon stellar alignments and celestial precession. Many have long suspected that the advanced weathering apparent on the Sphinx and its enclosure allude to torrential rainwater and a harsher climate, pointing to a far older origin than most Egyptologists are prepared to concede. The 14 : 11 pyramid geometry disproves notions that the Greeks invented mathematics some 2,600 years ago. Letting µ=14/11, the Great Pyramid celebrates π and φ by drawing attention to the fact that π≈4/µ ≈4/p1+1/µ2≈ 4/4 p1+µ2 and φ≈µ2≈1+1/µ2≈p1+µ2 from which one can derive all the approximations of table 1 relating φ to π. In- deed, since φ=(Fkφ+Fk−1)1/k, an infinite tower of further approximations for φ as a function of π can be generated to arbitrary accuracy, the simplest being φ=pφ+1≈p1+16/π2
.and φ=3 p2φ+1≈3 p1+32/π2. If there is a desire to avoid deriving the Fibonacci numbers, Fk, iteration can be used to refine existing expressions via φj+1=p1+φj. The latitude of the Great Pyramid accords to one part per million with the modern value of the speed of light, a physical quantity our ancient ancestors could not even have estimated, let alone accurately measured. It also emerges that the metric length of the cubit represents the speed of light on conversion from radians to degrees. The three expressions π−φ2,π/6 and φ2/5 are equivalent to within 0.01%. Not only do they tally with the cubic:metre ratio and approximate the latitude of the Great Pyramid, they match (to ∼0.2%) the ratio of the radius of the Moon’s penumbral shadow to the Earth’s radius during a solar eclipse near aphelion and lunar perigee, in other words during the greatest magnitude solar eclipses. The absolute scaling of the pyramid encodes information pertaining to the size of the Earth, the length of the second and its rate of rotation. There can be very little remaining doubt that the speed of light was very accurately known in antiquity. The Great Pyramid was not a grandiose tomb for a Pharaoh preoccupied with his own afterlife. It exploits geometry to establish relationships between ancient and ‘modern’ units, allowing the communication of a surprising and important fact: precise knowledge of the speed of light existed here on Earth even during the Ice Age. The fact that the pyramids have an orientation matching that of the Orion constellation as it appeared when the Sphinx was built is therefore entirely plausible. With the internal passages of the Great Pyramid aligned to the meridian, and Polaris closely approaching celestial north, the dearth of bright pole stars since the construction of the pyramids is finally ending – just as conclusive evidence has emerged pointing to the existence of advanced knowledge on Earth in times of antiquity. Before attempting to further interpret the meaning of these discoveries along with the findings of a recent, and closely-related analysis of Avebury Henge, further clues pertaining to a third ancient monument await scrutiny and analysis..
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Citations (2)
... Following the last ice age it found itself at the nexus of two notable geographical lines. With sea levels ∼100m lower the Persian Gulf was drained of water and the longest line of constant latitude (parallel) over land stretched from Agadir to Shanghai, passing through Giza[10]. Simultaneously, the longest geodesic (i.e. great circle segment) over land traversed Giza en route from Liberia to the Chinese coast facing Taiwan, seefigure 2. The Sphinx cannot be carbon dated since it is made entirely of bedrock. ...
... Prior to GNSS this civilisation was unaware that the Great Pyramid is situated at the latitude 29.9792 @BULLET north. Many will immediately recognise that these digits correspond to the speed of light, 299.792 km·s −1 with one part per million accuracy[10]. What is almost as astonishing is that the public are still almost entirely unaware of this intriguing fact. ...
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