Curtis Act of 1898
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Curtis Act of 1898
Long title An Act for the protection of the people of the Indian Territory, and for other purposes.
Nicknames Curtis Act (1898)
Enacted by the 55th United States Congress
Effective June 28, 1898
Citations
Legislative history
Signed into law by President William McKinley on June 28, 1898
The Curtis Act of 1898 was an amendment to the United States Dawes Act; it resulted in the break-up of tribal governments and communal lands in Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indian Territory: the Choctaw, Chickasaw, Muscogee (Creek), Cherokee, and Seminole. These tribes had been previously exempt from the 1887 General Allotment Act (Dawes Act) because of the terms of their treaties.[1] In total, the tribes immediately lost control of about 90 million acres of their communal lands; they lost more in subsequent years.
The act also transferred the authority to determine members of tribes to the Dawes Commission as part of the registration of members. Thus, individuals could be enrolled as members without tribal consent.[2] By effectively abolishing the remainder of tribal courts, tribal governments, and tribal land claims in the Indian Territory of Oklahoma, the act enabled Oklahoma to be admitted as a state, which followed in 1907.[3]
Contents
History[edit]
Officially titled the "Act for the Protection of the People of Indian Territory", the Act is named for former Vice President Charles Curtis, Republican congressman from Kansas and its author. He was of mixed Native American and European descent: on his mother's side Kansa, Osage, Potawatomi, and French; and on his father's side three ethnic lines of British Isles ancestry. Curtis was raised in part on the Kaw Reservation of his maternal grandparents, but also lived with his paternal grandparents and attended Topeka High School. He read law, became an attorney, and later was elected to the United States House of Representatives and Senate.[4] He served as Vice-President under Herbert Hoover.
In the usual fashion, by the time the bill HR 8581 had gone through five revisions in committees in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, there was little left of Curtis' original draft. In his hand-written autobiography, Curtis noted having been unhappy with the final version of the Curtis Act.[5] He believed that the Five Civilized Tribes needed to make changes. He thought that the way ahead for Native Americans was through education and use of both their and the majority cultures, but he also had hoped to give more support to Native American transitions.
Major Provisions[edit]
Abolition of tribal governments[edit]
The Curtis Act called for the abolition of tribal governments on March 6, 1906.[6] It was intended to establish individual land holdings in the European-American model, for subsistence farming by families. The act also provided for the establishment of public schools.[7] Due to the nature of the lands in Indian Territory and dry climate, the 160-acre allotments were often too small to permit profitable farming, and many Indian families had to give up and lost their lands in future years.
Land allotments modification[edit]
Main article: Atoka Agreement
The Act incorporated the basic points regarding land allotments and termination of tribal governments that had earlier appeared in the Atoka Agreement between the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations. The Atoka Agreement had been rejected by a popular vote of the Chickasaw, but accepted by the Choctaw. The Curtis Act required that the Atoka Agreement be resubmitted to a vote of both nations. The agreement was approved in a joint election on August 24, 1898.[8]
Registration of tribal members[edit]
The Curtis Act also scrapped the registration of tribal members that had been conducted under the Dawes Act and ordered that new enrollments.[9] This Act extended all provisions of the Dawes Act to the lands of the Five Civilized Tribes. In the end, the large parts declared by the government to be "surplus" to their needs were made available for sale, including to non-Natives. An estimated 90 million acres of land formerly reserved for Native Americans were removed from their control.[10]
Incorporation of towns[edit]
The Curtis Act also authorized the incorporation of towns in Indian Territory. This meant that towns had a legal basis for being laid out, surveyed and plotted. Any individual could obtain title to the lot in fee simple. The title owner of a lot had the legal right to sell or mortgage the property. An incorporated town or city had the right to self-regulation and levy taxes, allowing them to establish public services. By 1900, the largest towns in Indian Territory had incorporated. These included: Ardmore, with 1,500 residents; Muskogee 4,200; McAlester 3,500; Wagoner 2,300; Tulsa 1,300; and Eufaula 800.[11]
Provision for vote by residents[edit]
The Act also provided that residents could vote for city officials. As the area was still a US Territory, residents could not vote for candidates for national office. Since Territorial government officials were appointed by the President of the United States, the question of voting for these officials was moot. After Oklahoma was admitted as a state in 1907, residents could vote for both state and national officials.[11]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
^ Wright, Muriel H. A Guide to the Indian Tribes of Oklahoma. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 1968
^ Tatro, M. Kaye. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. "Curtis Act."[1] Archived 2010-07-20 at the Wayback Machine
^ Prucha, Francis Paul. Indian Policy in the United States, Lincoln, Neb.: University of Nebraska Press, 1981.
^ Yoho, Carol. "Curtis Cemetery: Topeka, Kansas." Washburn University: Department of Art. 2003-2010 (26 Jan 2011)
^ Colvin manuscript, Kansas State Historical Society
^ Wilson, Linda D. Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. "Statehood Movement." Retrieved May 6, 2013.[2] Archived2012-11-19 at the Wayback Machine
^ "The Curtis Act of 1898". Time. Accessed December 4, 2016.
^ "About the 1896 Applications for Enrollment", Oklahoma Historical Society]
^ " America 1900: The General Allotment Act.", The American Experience, National Public Radio.
^ Jump up to:a b Muskogee Phoenix. "Curtis Act brought changes to towns in Indian Territory." October 27, 2007. Retrieved May 5, 2013."Curtis Act brought changes to towns in Indian Territory", Muskogee Phoenix
External links[edit]
Curtis Act Information & Video, Chickasaw.TV
"Curtis Act (1898)", Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
"Dawes Act", Our Documents.gov website
"The Curtis Act of 1898". Time. Accessed December 4, 2016.
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Case law
Johnson v. M'Intosh (1823)
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
Fellows v. Blacksmith (1857)
Standing Bear v. Crook (D. Neb. 1879)
Ex parte Crow Dog (1883)
Elk v. Wilkins (1884)
Talton v. Mayes (1896)
Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903)
Williams v. Lee (1959)
Bryan v. Itasca County (1976)
United States v. Antelope (1977)
Solem v. Bartlett (1984)
Hodel v. Irving (1987)
Duro v. Reina (1990)
South Dakota v. Bourland (1993)
Idaho v. United States (2001)
United States v. Lara (2004)
Cobell v. Salazar (D.C. Cir. 2009)
Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl (2013)
Sharp v. Murphy and McGirt v. Oklahoma (2020)
Legislation
Curtis Act
Federal and
Related
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Statutes
Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions (1629 New Netherland)
Royal Proclamation of 1763 (British North America)
United States
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
Nonintercourse Act (1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834)
Removal Act (1830)
Dawes Act (1887)
Curtis Act of 1898
Reorganization Act (1934)
Indian Claims Commission Act (1946)
Indian Land Claims Settlements (1978–2006)
Precedents
Johnson v. M'Intosh (1823)
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)
Fellows v. Blacksmith (1857)
1890—1950
Warren Court
Burger Court
Wilson v. Omaha Indian Tribe (1979)
Rehnquist Court
Idaho v. United States (2001)
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