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Vox
The long and brutal history of the US trying to “kill the Indian and save the man”. For more of Vox's reporting on Indigenous Peoples' Day, check out the latest episode of Today Explained: https://art19.com/shows/today-explain... Toward the end of the 19th century, the US took thousands of Native American children and enrolled them in off-reservation boarding schools, stripping them of their cultures and languages. Yet decades later as the US phased out the schools, following years of indigenous activism, it found a new way to assimilate Native American children: promoting their adoption into white families. Watch the episode to find out how these two distinct eras in US history have had lasting impacts on Native American families. In the Vox series Missing Chapter, Vox Senior Producer Ranjani Chakraborty revisits underreported and often overlooked moments from the past to give context to the present. Join her as she covers the histories that are often left out of our textbooks. Our first season tackles stories of racial injustice, political conflicts, even the hidden history of US medical experimentation. : The National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition https://boardingschoolhealing.org/ and their primer on American Indian and Alaska Native Boarding Schools in the US: https://engagement.umn.edu/sites/enga... A Generation Removed by Margaret D. Jacobs: https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/uni... The National Indian Child Welfare Association’s background on the Indian Child Welfare Act: https://www.nicwa.org/about-icwa/ Maps: 1776 - 1880 here: https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/serv... 1930 here: https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/serv... First Nations Repatriation Institute: http://wearecominghome.com An in-depth documentary about Native American child separation: https://upstanderproject.org/dawnland
Transcript
I was adopted by a white missionary couple.
I was adopted...
immediately placed for adoption.
I was in foster care with one family for 18 years. They were white.
My parents loved us and I understand that. But at the same time...
They took the idea that they were saving me.
Saving us from ourselves.
Being saved and I should be grateful for the life that I've been given because any child
on the reservation would give anything to live as I was living.
They took us away from our mom. They came marching right in and literally took us and
thousands of other children from their home.
It's a way to eradicate us. And to go to our nation's children is one of the sure ways
to do that.
The US has a long and brutal legacy of attempting to eradicate Native Americans.
For centuries, they colonized Native American lands and murdered their populations.
They forced them west and pushed them into small, confined patches of land.
But, Native Americans resisted.
A Board of Indian Commissioners report said: "instead of dying out under the light and
contact of civilization" the Indian population "is steadily increasing."
And that was an obstacle to total American expansion. So the US found a new solution:
to "absorb" and "assimilate" them.
It all started with an experiment, and a man named Richard Henry Pratt.
He had in his charge some prisoners of war and he taught these men how to speak English,
how to read and write, and how to do labor. He dressed them in military uniforms and basically
ran an assimilation experiment. And then he took his results to the federal government
and said they're capable of being civilized. So he was able to get this project funded.
In 1879, the government funded Pratt’s project, the first ever off-reservation boarding
school for Native American children.
His motto was to "kill the Indian and save the man."
What started there, at the Carlisle Indian Industrial School, was nothing short of genocide
disguised as American education.
Children were forcibly taken from reservations, and placed into the school, hundreds — even
thousands — of miles away from their families.
They were stripped of their traditional clothing.
Their hair was cut short.
They were given new names, and forbidden from speaking their Native languages.
To take our children and to indoctrinate them into Western society to take away their identity
as indigenous peoples, their tribal identity, I think it's one of the most effective and
insidious ways that the US did do harm to indigenous peoples here because it targeted
our children, our most vulnerable.
And they tried to make us ashamed for being Indian and they tried to make us something
other than Indian.
There are also accounts of mental, physical, and sexual abuse.
Of forced manual labor, neglect, starvation, and death.
My great grandfather went to Carlisle and nobody in my family ever talked about it.
So if you google Indian boarding schools, the majority of the pictures that you will
see will be actually from Carlisle. Colonel Pratt created propaganda. He hired a photographer
to create those before and after photos to show that his experiment was working.
So it was intentional propaganda.
And it worked. The Carlisle model of education swept the country — and led to the creation
of over 350 boarding schools to assimilate Native American children.
In 1900, there were about 20,000 Native American children in these schools. By 1925, that number
more than tripled.
Families that refused to send their kids to these schools faced consequences like incarceration
at Alcatraz, or the withholding of food rations.
Some parents, who did lose their children to these schools, even camped outside to be close to them.
Many students ran away.
Some found ways to hold on to their languages and cultures.
Others, though, could no longer communicate with family members.
And some never returned home at all.
By stripping the children of their Native American identities — the US government
had found a way to disconnect them from their lands.
And that was part of the US strategy. During the same era in which thousands of children
were sent away to boarding schools, a number of US policies infringed on their tribal lands back home.
In less than five decades, two thirds of Native American lands had been taken away.
The whole thing was purposeful. And the fact that it has been buried in the
history books and not acknowledged is also intentional.
And in fact the same tactics were used in New Zealand, Australia, Canada.
All of these countries have acknowledged, apologized,
or reconciled in some way except for the United States.
Over time, the brutality of boarding schools started to surface.
And after a 1928 report detailed the horrific conditions at the schools — many began to close.
In the 1960s, indigenous activism rose alongside the Civil Rights Movement.
And by the 1970s, that activism forced more schools to shut down. The government handed
over control of the remaining boarding schools to tribes, to be run in partnership with the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
But just as the boarding school era started fading, another assimilation project took shape.
Adoption.
The main goal of this pilot project was to “stimulate the adoption of American Indian
children,” to “primarily non-Indian adoptive homes.”
They claimed it was to promote the adoption of the "forgotten child" but it was essentially
a continuation of the boarding school assimilation tactics.
And the strategy came with a financial advantage for the government too. Adoption was cheaper
than running boarding schools.
But first, adoption officials had to sell white America on the idea of adopting Native American children.
Feature stories, like this one in Good Housekeeping, marketed them to white families.
They were described as “unwanted,” and adoption gave them a chance at “new lives.”
In the end, their media campaign worked. White families “wanted Indian Adoption.”
But the problem was, many of these children, were not “orphans that nobody wanted.”
They were kids, often ripped apart from families that wanted to keep them.
You still will hear stories today of people my age, older, saying I remember as a child
the social worker was coming. And people would hide their children.
On reservations, social workers used catchall phrases like “child neglect” or “unfit
parenting” as evidence for removal. But their criteria was often questionable.
Some accounts describe children being taken away for living with too many family members in the same household.
Extended family is a big thing for Native people. That means being judged for a house
that’s overcrowded. So it's always that whiteness is the standard for success.
And everything else is judged by that standard.
By the 1960s, about one in four Native children were living apart from their families.
The official Indian Adoption Project placed 395 Native children into mostly white homes.
But it was just one of many in an era of Native American adoptions.
Other state agencies and private religious organizations began increasingly making placements for Native American children, too.
My mother giving me up was a white person telling her if she didn't, she would never see her other kids again.
In one of the documents I have, it's addressed to my biological father Victor Fox.
That he was trying to look us up to get ahold of us. But Hennepin County wrote, “Daniel and Douglas
are adapting very well in their new family.”
This was totally, it was a false statement.
When you’re adopted, you know you're missing something. I think I've likened it to having
like, when someone has a 500 piece puzzle and they have all the pieces to make this
pretty picture except one.
My adoptive mother was not well. Verbally, physically, and sexually and spiritually abusive.
By the time I was 14 I started drinking. 15, drugs were added and I became an addict to numb. I didn’t realize I was numbing pain.
I tried suicide. I tried slicing my wrists one time.
Children were taken. And believed like I believed for a long time, that there was something
wrong with me, versus something wrong with the system
The Indian Adoption Project was considered a success by the people who set it in motion.
Officials claimed, “generally speaking, we believe the Indian people have accepted
the adoption of their children by Caucasian families and have been pleased to learn the
protection afforded these children.”
But, the truth was unsettling.
“These hearings on Indian children’s welfare are now in session.”
“I was pregnant with Bobby and the welfare woman kept asking if I’d give him up for adoption.
“Before he was even born?”
“Yeah”
“They picked up my children, and placed them in a foster home.
And I think they were abused in the foster home.”
Four years after Native people organized in this Senate hearing — Congress passed the
Indian Child Welfare Act — known as ICWA.
It gives tribes a place at the table in court.
States would be required to provide services to families to prevent removal of an Indian child.
And in case removal was necessary, they would have to try to keep the child with
extended family, or another Native American family.
Without our relatives we cease to exist. So with native people, part of our wealth, is in our family.
It's in who we’re connected to.
But the legacy of family separation in Native communities has been difficult to fully undo.
Today, Native American children are four times more likely to be placed in foster care than
white children — even when their families have similar presenting problems.
In these cases, ICWA is often the best legal protection they have.
And it’s been under attack, repeatedly.
“A young girl ripped from her foster family,
because of the Indian Children Welfare Act."
White adoptive families intent on keeping Native American children have tried to do
away with the act, and they’re often backed by conservative organizations.
“The Indian Child Welfare Act was dealt a blow earlier this month.”
“The subject of a lawsuit issued on Tuesday by the Goldwater Institute arguing that preferences
given to American Indian families to adopt Indian children is unconstitutional and discriminates
based on race.”
“It’s a way for these industries, these very powerful industries, to try to attack
what Indian identity is.”
Wanting to overturn ICWA is connected to everything about who we are as a nation.
So if we don't have any protections for our families, and if we don't have protections for our treaties,
then we have no more Indians.
We've been under attack. We're going to continue to be under attack and we have to keep just keep fighting.
It's in our DNA to survive.
We are nations that pre-existed European contact and we are still here.
